SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry · Courses
EST
95 courses with the subject EST, each shown exactly as we captured it from the college's catalog, with every element we hold. Where the wording looks broken, that is our reading of the catalog, not the college's text.
EST 132Orientation Seminar:EST1
One hour of lecture, discussion and/or exercises per week. Introduction to campus resources available to ensure academic success. Introduction to Environmental Studies as a field of inquiry, and the three option areas that the department offers. Fall.
Two hours of lecture and one hour seminar per week. An introduction to the concept of climate justice - an area of scholarship, policy and activism that investigates the unequal impacts of climate change and the ways to address them. The course provides an overview of the key theories and approaches to studying (via research) and pursuing (via activism) climate justice, which are underpinned by real-world examples ranging from Syracuse and CNY to global issues. Assignments include reaction papers, a group poster presentation, and a final project with a flexible, written or non-written format. Upon the completion of the course, students will be able to interpret climate change as a quintessentially social - and not just an environmental - issue, and suggest potential ways to rectify climate injustices in different social settings. Spring.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Introductory survey of Indigenous sovereignty, self- determination, treaty rights, lands, and environmental caretaking, with particular attention to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy. Draws on texts, films, guest speakers, and other resources. Fall/Spring.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. History of changes occurring in America post 1865 including land use, government, economic and international relations. Spring.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. A survey of American history considering the origin and development of American institutions and ideals, from the discovery of the New World through the Civil War. Students are introduced to works of major historians and to various interpretations of American history.
Three hours of lecture per week. General introductory principles and methods of sociology including group dynamics and development, different structural arrangement of social groups, SUNY ESF | 361 | Course Catalog
Three hours of lecture in person. This interdisciplinary course provides an in-depth understanding of nonwestern perspectives on environmental knowledge. It also focuses on what it means to study the environment at ESF within the context of Syracuse, New York, and the Onondaga Nation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The course aims to increase student competency in interrogating histories, places, and power dynamics, while also supporting agency in times of climate change. Students will build the analytical skills for exploring how environmental issues (and knowledge pathways) are connected with social structures, institutions, narratives, and places. Throughout this course, students will read about environmental issues that connect individual and personal lives with the political and economic lives of others, in the US and globally. Course meets SUNY’s DEISJ requirements. Fall and Spring.
Two hours of lecture and one hour of seminar per week. This course explores ways in which popular culture—including social media, art, craft, and fashion and affinity group activism— frames identity, power, and social structures in the U.S. Uses foundations of cultural studies and sociology to examine how institutional and societal structures in the U.S. lead to inequities across groups and shape individual meaning making and re/actions to systems of power, privilege, oppression, and opportunity. Fall and Spring.
Introduction to the medium and tools of comics storytelling focusing on the environment and environmental issues. Topics include the history of, and how to read comics, comics as an environmental communication device, and the unique ways in which environments are constructed within the medium. Students will produce short zines on environmental topics of their choosing out of original and found images and text. No artistic ability is required to succeed in this course.
Three contact hours per week. Describes American political system and its roles and functions in society. Examines how political processes change over time, including the role of rhetoric and argumentation in policy development. Explores critical analysis of political phenomena. Fall.
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. Environmental Geology is an applied field of study that uses geological information to assist in resolving human conflicts related to land use issues, environmental damage, and resource use. Topics include natural resources, energy, environmental pollution, waste disposal, geological hazards and climate change. Spring. SUNY ESF | 362 | Course Catalog
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Survey of environmental communication, including nature representions in popular culture, and the role of mass media on public perceptions of environmental issues. Topics also include strategic communication, public participation in environmental decision-making, and environmental risk perception. Exposure to communication theory and social scientific and humanities-based approaches. Fall.
Three hours of lecture, discussion and analytical activities per week. An introductory methods course focused on research techniques used in environmental and natural resources social science research. This course reviews quantitative and qualitative methodologies for environmental studies research including but not limited to questionnaires, in-depth interviews, rhetorical critiques and content analyses. Spring.
Experimental, interdisciplinary or special coursework at the freshman or sophomore levels. Subject matter and course format vary from semester to semester or offering on the basis of needs and objectives of the course. Fall or Spring.
Three hours of lecture per week. The concepts and principles of sociology as applied to natural resource questions. Concepts of community, forest dependent communities, shared identity and social structures of resource based groups. The forest as an integrated social and biological community. Spring
Three contact hours per week. Examines the relationship between government and the environment, primarily in the U.S. Introduces environmental policy, including the policy making process. Reviews legal framework and current issues in several thematic areas (e.g., air, water, hazardous waste, and endangered species protection). Spring
An online asynchronous course that engages future science teachers in the methods, learning theories, practices, and instructional approaches relevant to science education. Students learn strategies, master techniques, and gain practice-based experience in the promotion of inquiry- based, learner-centered classrooms. They design equitable and authentic science learning experiences for diverse student populations. Students create lessons reflecting educational standards, while using impactful approaches to enhance the learning environment. Spring. Credit will not be granted for both EST 333 and EST 533.
3 hours of in-person lecture. Students will learn the key concepts in Western and Indigenous environmental ethics. The course prepares students to ethically engage with diverse knowledge systems and to use them to critically analyze and make decisions on selected environmental issues. Includes a day trip.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Explores alternative ways of explaining the relationship between social processes and environmental conditions. Analyzes social theories and applies their insights to questions of human-environment interaction with special attention to questions surrounding food and agriculture. Introduces qualitative social science research methods and the social construction of environmental meaning. Spring.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Survey of public communication of science and technology (PCST). Considers the structure, meanings, and implications of PCST, including contexts in which it occurs. Topics also include motivations and constraints of those who produce PCST, and function of PCST in contemporary society. Exposure to communication theory and social scientific research methods and analysis. Spring. Prerequisite(s): EST 245 and junior standing, or permission of the instructor.
Individual study of an environmental topic resulting in a formal report that meets the requirements for an environmental studies synthesis experience. These requirements are identified in course meetings. Students shall report their activities to their instructor on a weekly basis for the duration of the course. Enrollment is restricted to environmental studies seniors. Fall and Spring.
Geospatial methods and theory for assessing environmental inequality and its impacts on human health, with a focus on disadvantaged communities. How societal and environmental disparities SUNY ESF | 364 | Course Catalog
Three hours of lecture per week. This course utilizes systems thinking to identify, critique, and develop innovative approaches and frameworks for evaluation of environmental education and messaging programs. Students will discuss and conduct program evaluation, assessments of knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs, program structuring, and theme development. Students will also explore creative approaches such as goal-oriented design, spontaneous interpretation and evaluation, non-verbal communication, and alternative assessments. The course places specific emphasis on planning and evaluation as strategic, interrelated and cyclical activities. Spring.
This seminar-style course offers students an overview of critical climate studies, an area of research and practice that questions the dominant framings and applications of knowledge about climate change. Throughout the course, we will consider how different branches of critical theory problematize the climate crisis and what their recommendations for addressing its impacts are. This includes (eco-)feminist theory, post-colonial theory, queer theory, political ecology, among others. Assignments include a flexible final project, a reflective essay, and reaction papers.
Many of the impacts of climate change will be water-related (e.g., sea level rise, floods, droughts). These impacts pose complex challenges for society and require novel solutions. In this discussion- based class, students will learn about a variety of case studies, ranging from local to international. They will gain understanding of water-society relationships and options for water governance and policy in a changing climate, ranging from international treaties to community-based solutions. Credit will not be granted for both EST 411and EST 611. Fall
Three hours of seminar/discussion per week. This course introduces students to the unique environmental vulnerabilities that marginalized communities are at heightened exposure to, within a multitude of contexts, including: toxics siting, public health disparities and food access. It examines political and economic conditions that promote environmental inequality and explores the history of environmental exploitation of vulnerable populations. Additionally, it evaluates contemporary issues along with community and public responses to threats.
Three hours of in-person lecture and discussion per week. This course explores the interwoven social, political, environmental and economic aspects of food and agriculture. Students will engage with historical and contemporary historical and contemporary issues in the agri-food system through advanced readings and case study analysis. Focus will also be paid to the many historic and ongoing food and agriculture social movements. Note: Credit will not be given for both 418 and 618. Fall. SUNY ESF | 365 | Course Catalog
Online asynchronous format. Future environmental leaders and educators learn to draw from informal and formal education theory to inspire creativity and facilitate learning. Students produce audience-centered creative media such as videos, podcasts, children’s books, performance pieces, musical compositions, and film scripts, drawing on environmental themes reflecting environmental education pedagogy. Fall.
Three hours of classroom/presentation per week. Economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability and their interdependence. Influences on organizations to adopt sustainable approaches to operations and activities. Tools to validate organizational sustainability. Transdisciplinary emphasis. Fall. Note: This course is cross-listed at SU School of Management as LPP/SHR 450.
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. This course provides an understanding of U.S., state and local laws affecting land use in New York in the context of current environmental policy debates. Students learn to recognize and analyze legal issues involving land use in varying contexts. Spring. Prerequisites: EST 221 or permission of the instructor. Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 460 and EST 660.
Three hours of lecture per week. Applications of environmental interpretation theory and methods applied to nature center programming, science education, and various fields of resource management emphasizing procedures for creating non-personal interpretive media (e.g., brochures, wayside exhibits, etc.). Focus on service-learning through involvement with an outside interpretive agency. Spring. Prerequisite(s): EST 370 or permission of instructor. Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 471 and EST 671.
Three hours lecture per week and one week field trip. Examination of the major roles of contemporary natural history museums as places of research and public education. Emphasis on research, exhibits, collections and programs. Organized instructional visit to natural history SUNY ESF | 366 | Course Catalog
Three hours of lecture, discussion, and practical exercises per week. This course provides in-depth experience in planning and implementing environmental education and interpretation (EE&I) programs. Students may receive their Certified Interpretive Guide credential from the National Association for Interpretation. Learners will practice engagement with EE&I community partners, such as parks, nature centers, zoos, non-profit organizations and historical sites. With these partners, students will design and offer EE&I programs and lessons. Advanced readings from the research-based literature will offer critical examination of challenges in EE&I, including climate change education, and diversity, equity, and inclusivity in EE&I. Spring. Prerequisite(s): EST 370 and junior or senior status; or permission of instructor. Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 474 and 674.
This course is an opportunity for qualified undergraduate students to gain experience in fully supervised, college-level teaching of the type they can expect to perform in graduate school. Students assist the instructor in the preparation and delivery of course materials and preparing laboratories (when applicable). A maximum of 6 credit hours of EST 492, and 3 credit hours relating to any single assisted course, may apply toward graduation requirements. (Fall and Spring). Prerequisites: Previous completion of the course being assisted (with a grade of B or higher), a GPA at ESF of 3.0 or higher, and permission of instructor. Prerequisite: Previous completion of the course being assisted (with a grade of B or higher), a GPA at ESF of 3.0 or higher, and permission of instructor.
One hour seminar. For all seniors in the Environmental Studies Department. Students will prepare portfolios and give capstone presentations on their senior synthesis project and develop career goals and plans. Fall. Prerequisites: Limited to graduating seniors in the Department of Environmental Studies.
An in-depth and independent exploration of selected readings from the environmentally related literature. Emphasis is placed on gaining insights and understanding from the readings, rather than producing an extensive bibliography. Students shall report their activities to their instructor on a weekly basis for the duration of the course. Fall, Spring and Summer. Prerequisite: Approval of study plan by instructor.
Guided individual study of an environmental topic. Emphasis is on the study procedure and the methods employed. Students shall report their activities to their instructor on a weekly basis for the duration of the course. Fall, Spring and Summer. Prerequisite: Approval of study plan by instructor.
Internships provide students with a supervised field experience to apply and extend their academic abilities in a professional working environment. Students shall report their activities to their instructor on a weekly basis for the duration of the course. Fall, Spring and Summer. by major professor, curriculum director and field supervisor.
Environmental Studies senior status and written approval of an internship contract
EST 533Inquiry-Based Science Educatn3
An online asynchronous course that engages future science teachers in the methods, learning theories, practices, and instructional approaches relevant to science education. Students learn strategies, master techniques, and gain practice-based experience in fostering inquiry- based, learner-centered classrooms. They also design equitable and authentic science learning experiences for diverse student populations. Students design lessons reflecting educational standards, while using creative approaches to enhance the learning environment. They conduct research, describe, critique, and make recommendations for improving an existing science program. Spring. Credit will not be granted for both EST 333 and EST 533.
Explores the public relations profession from a management perspective. Includes foundations of ethics, law, and theory. Focuses on public relations functions relative to culture and society. Examines professional communication processes and practices. Provides practice in public relations skills of preparing audience-centered materials and managing media relations. Offered online. Fall or Spring. Prerequisite: Graduate students status or permission of instructor.
Two hours of lecture and 2 hours of recitation per week. Personal interpretation teaches a variety of face-to-face techniques used to connect the public with environmental science by providing an introduction to history of interpretation, popular interpretive and environmental education activities and curriculum, evaluation of programs, and lesson plans. Explores and illustrates the research and philosophy of environmental interpretation. Discuss interpretive research, plan and lead lectures, and mentor/ evaluate undergraduates. Fall. Prerequisite(s): Graduate standing, or permission of instructor Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 370 and EST 570. SUNY ESF | 368 | Course Catalog
This course is a survey of quantitative methods in social science research. The format will include lecture, discussion, activities, and group projects. Topics covered will include the basics of social science research, survey construction, experimental design, content analysis, sampling procedures, and scale construction. Students will also learn the basics in descriptive statistical analyses, and inferential statistics including t-tests, ANOVAs, correlations, and regression. Spring
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. Survey of the generally recognized paradigms and methods that qualitative researchers use to better understand, evaluate, and perhaps influence complex social phenomenon. Research proposal, pilot study, final report and oral presentation required. Spring.
Online. Scientific and technological advancements entail both benefits and risks. How people perceive those benefits and risks will influence their acceptance or rejection of specific advances. In this research seminar you will learn about the factors that influence people’s perception of risk, science and environmental change, and learn how communication shapes the possibilities for dialog and decision making. In this course you will be part of a research team, defining and carrying out a research project. Spring.
CAS in Environmental Justice and Inequality The Certificate of Advanced Study in Environmental Justice and Inequality is designed to equip people interested in social and justice issues, including environmental professionals, community leaders, and advocates, with the analytical skills to deeply engage existing research and evidence on the unique environmental vulnerabilities faced by marginalized communities. This engagement uses a theory and case-based grounding in the structural and systemic factors that generate and perpetuate these inequities. The program’s interdisciplinary approach includes tools and methods drawn from geography, sociology, environmental and public health, policy and law, sustainability science, and critical race theory. It builds upon these frameworks to develop new strategies for equitable and liberatory practice.
Intensive study in early January. Introduces the evolution of innovative multi-stakeholder processes that characterize collaborative governance (CG). Distinguishes CG from traditional public involvement and dispute resolution approaches, and explores its challenges and opportunities. Provides knowledge and introductory tools to design and be more productive participants in collaborative processes. Spring. SUNY ESF | 369 | Course Catalog
This seminar-style course offers students an overview of critical climate studies, an area of research and practice that questions the dominant framings and applications of knowledge about climate change. Throughout the course, we will consider how different branches of critical theory problematize the climate crisis and what their recommendations for addressing its impacts are. This includes (eco-)feminist theory, post-colonial theory, queer theory, political ecology, among others. Assignments include a flexible final project, class prep and delivery, a reflective essay, and reaction papers.
Many of the impacts of climate change will be water-related (e.g., sea level rise, floods, droughts). These impacts pose complex challenges for society and require novel solutions. In this discussion- based class, students will learn about a variety of case studies, ranging from local to international. They will gain understanding of water-society relationships and options for water governance and policy in a changing climate, ranging from international treaties to community-based solutions. Credit will not be granted for both EST 411and EST 611. Fall
Online. Three hours of lecture and related activities. Examination of the dynamic relationships present in the creation and implementation of environmental policies. Considers the roles of the state, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations. Explores background and implications of recent trends in environmental governance. Spring
This course provides a foundation for researching and writing about the social, political, economic, and material aspects of urban infrastructures and networks, resource development, urban environmental governance and decision-making as well as the practices of urban planners, engineers, and scientists in shaping urban space and processes. Spring.
Online. This course provides legal, policy and management tools to understand and advance environmental justice. The approach is interdisciplinary and includes analytical tools used in geography, environmental and public health, policy and law, and critical race theory. The course will expose students to the unique environmental vulnerabilities that marginalized communities are at heightened exposure to, including toxics siting, public health disparities and food access, while featuring pathways towards building sustainable and just societies. Fall.
Online. This course examines environmental and social justice conflicts from a global/ international perspective. We discuss distributional justice issues of hazardous waste sites around the world and related procedural injustices in siting, operation, and human rights concerns. Through case studies and research, students analyze crucial processes and relations generating environmental inequalities at different scales and investigate how economies’ extractive activities generate conflicts and resistance across the world. Learning activities include participating on a course discussion board, conducting interviews, engaging in media analyses, peer review, mini group projects, journal reflections, and a final presentation. Spring.
Three hours of in-person lecture and discussion per week. This course explores the interwoven social, political, environmental and economic aspects of food and agriculture. Students will engage with historical and contemporary issues in the agri-food system through advanced readings and case study analysis. Focus will also be paid to the many historic and ongoing food and agriculture social movements. Students will conduct research on contemporary agri-food issues. Note: Credit will not be given for both 418 and 618. Fall
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Introduces students to the theoretical underpinnings of tourism studies, and how "naturalness" contributes to the generation of environmental meaning. The course will examine linkages between society, recreation, tourism, and nature, and will attend to such concepts as sense of place, experience, power, and perception as they relate to nature and recreation. These concepts provide useful entry points into more critical investigations of tourism and recreation practices and motivations, and serve as points of departure for conversations about eco-imperialism, green-washing, and the marginalization and dispossession of local populations. Discussion related to the aforementioned critical investigations will be paired with attention to the experiential side of recreation, tourism, and nature. That is, how the act of pursuing nature and related natural adventure contributes to the development of identity, our knowledge of the reciprocal
Three hours of discussion per week. Introduces the mass media's role in environmental affairs. Relationships between media organizations, technology, content, and audiences frame examination of how nature and environmental issues and problems are engaged by the media and with what consequences. News and current affairs, advertising and entertainment genres are considered. Fall. SUNY ESF | 371 | Course Catalog
Sustainability from the firm perspective. Regulatory, international, resource, market, and social drivers of environmental strategy. Impact of sustainability-related strategies on competitive advantage and potential liability. Pre/co-requisites: Prereq. is BUA 650/EST 652 or instructor permission
Three hours of lecture, discussion, and/or field trips per week. Dynamics and interdependence of economic, social, and environmental systems. Sustainable management frameworks, tools, and metrics. Local, national, and international implications. Relevance of technology, ethics, law, and policy. Interdisciplinary emphasis. At least 1X Fall or Spring.
Three hours of lecture per week. Applications of environmental interpretation theory and methods applied to nature center programming, science education, and various fields of resource management emphasizing procedures for creating non-personal interpretive media (e.g., brochures, wayside exhibits, etc.). Focus on service-learning through involvement with an outside interpretive agency. Submit an interpretive article for publication, read and hold online discussions of research on hon-personal interpretation, and evaluate local interpretive media. Spring. Prerequisite(s): EST 570 or permission of instructor. Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 471 and EST 671.
Three hours of lecture, discussion, and practical exercises per week. This course provides in-depth experience in planning and implementing environmental education and interpretation (EE&I) programs. Students may receive their Certified Interpretive Guide credential from the National Association for Interpretation. Learners will serve as facilitative leaders for team engagement with EE&I community partners, such as parks, nature centers, zoos, non-profit organizations and historical sites. With these partners, students will design and offer EE&I programs and lessons. Students will prepare case studies to present advanced readings from the research- based literature regarding critical challenges in EE&I, including climate change education, and diversity, equity, and inclusivity in EE&I. Spring. Prerequisite(s): EST 570 and graduate standing; or permission of instructor. Note: Credit will not be granted for both EST 474 and 674. SUNY ESF | 372 | Course Catalog
Group research practicum. An innovative, collaborative, applied course and practicum in environmental policy consultation at the global level. May be linked via digital/ online technology with students in a parallel course at another, international institution. Students engage in a semester-long, consultancy project with an international organization engaged in environmental policymaking. Client organization and topic may vary annually. Students learn group consulting skills including issue definition and stakeholder identification; proposal preparation, team building and leadership skills; data collection, analysis and interpretation; report writing and presentation skills. Students fulfill the client's Terms of Reference, producing and delivering contributions towards final, agreed-upon deliverables. Fall or Spring. Instructor's permission required.
Three hours of lecture per week. This course covers a range of topics related to journalism: interviewing, writing the lead, style, writing and organizing the story, layout, editing and revising, writing features and follow-up stories, covering speeches, etc. In addition, students explore how the media covers scientific and environmental issues. Students work on writing skills--from basic editing techniques to more sophisticated areas of style. Spring.
One to three hours of lecture and discussion per week. Experimental and developmental courses in new areas of interest to environmental studies faculty and graduate students not covered in regularly scheduled courses. Fall and Spring.
Three hours of lecture and discussion per week. The systematic analysis of public environmental programs with an emphasis on the evaluation of resultant environmental outcomes. Topics include evaluation contexts, objective setting, environmental monitoring, and analysis of agency organization and procedures. Spring.
Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. This course covers current and classic literature in environmental policy analysis, as well as a variety of approaches to policy analysis that are relevant for working through complex environmental issues. While tools and methods for policy analysis will be treated, the overall intention of the course is to provide students with the scholarly background to think analytically, critically, and creatively across a variety of environmental policy contexts. Fall. Prerequisite(s): A graduate-level course in environmental policy.
Three hours of seminar/discussion per week This course is an advanced graduate seminar that covers social theory related to the environment. Students will be exposed to foundational literature in environmental sociology in the first part of the course, after which other social science literatures will be explored that analyze the relationship between environment and society, such as Political Ecology, Environment and Citizenship, Environmental Governance, Geographies of Energy, Sustainability Indicators and Standards, Ecological Modernization, and Environmental Justice, among others. Environmental issues and scholarship from both industrialized and developing country contexts, and that represent a variety of social science SUNY ESF | 373 | Course Catalog
This course explores the philosophical and methodological foundations for conducting research with Indigenous communities. Topics include the history of research with Indigenous peoples, Indigenous research methodologies, relational epistemologies, ethical research relationships, and decolonizing research models. We will also discuss Indigenous research sovereignty, the role of cultural identities in research design, and barriers to applying Indigenous methodologies in institutional and community partnerships. Open to all students, Indigenous identity is not a requirement. Spring.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Dr. Theresa Selfa, Chair 106 Marshall Hall 315-470-6636 315-470-6915 (fax) The Environmental Studies program emphasizes interdisciplinary social science, humanities and natural science approaches to environmental understanding and stewardship. ES programs maintain a strong academic orientation, facilitating student and faculty engagement with fundamental environmental challenges and dynamics such as multiple and conflicting levels of environmental governance, participatory democracy, sustainable development, uses and limits of scientific prediction, discourses of environment, cultural expressions of nature, risk, and ecological sustainability. SUNY ESF | 229 | Course Catalog
Alternative educational experiences can be petitioned to count in place of a course if learning objectives are met. Petitions must be submitted to the Environmental Studies graduate curriculum committee for review and approval. Admission to this certificate typically requires graduate student status with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or better. SUNY ESF | 254 | Course Catalog
One to three hours of classroom instruction per week. Lectures and discussions, seminars, conferences and group research on advanced topics of special or current interest to environmental studies faculty and graduate students. Fall and Spring.
One to three hours of classroom instruction/discussion per week. Discussion of current topics and research related to environmental studies. Fall and Spring.
One to three hours of supervised individual activity per week. Individualized, special study of environmental studies subjects and issues. Students shall report their activities to their instructor on a weekly basis for the duration of the course. Comprehensive oral or written report required for some problems. Fall, Spring and Summer. SUNY ESF | 374 | Course Catalog
One to 12 hours of supervised individual activity per week. Research and independent study for the master's degree and thesis. Fall, Spring, and Summer.