Washington and Lee University · Courses

BIOL

72 courses with the subject BIOL, each shown exactly as we captured it from the college's catalog, with every element we hold. Where the wording looks broken, that is our reading of the catalog, not the college's text.

BIOL 1001Environmental Biology: Endangered Plants of the Appalachians4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1005Introduction to Behavioral Ecology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1045The Science of Fly Fishing4

Crosslisted With CHEM 1045

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1054Genetic Engineering and Society4

Crosslisted With CHEM 1054

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1064CSI: W&L4

Crosslisted With CHEM 1064

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1080FS: First-Year Seminar3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: First-year student class standing. Credits: 3 Biology-based first-year seminar. Topical description

BIOL 1111Fundamentals of Biology3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: CHEM 1204 and first year standing.
Corequisite: BIOL 1112 FDR: Lab Science (SL) Credits: 3 An intensive investigation of scientific thought and communication applied to topics that vary among sections and terms. Specific subjects, chosen from within the scope of modern biological investigation according to the expertise of individual instructors, are examined in the context of major concepts such as evolution, regulation, growth, and metabolism. Suitable for First-Years interested in pursuing a major in biology, neuroscience or environmental studies or the pre-health curriculum. This course, and its companion laboratory ( BIOL 1112 ), are

BIOL 1112Biology Laboratory1

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: CHEM 1204 and first year standing.
Corequisite: BIOL 1111 FDR: Lab Science (SL) Credits: 1 A laboratory course to accompany BIOL 1111 . Students are trained in basic techniques of biological research by demonstrations and investigatory exercises, including data analysis and scientific communication. Limited seating available for sophomores, juniors, and seniors. All students should contact the Biology department, for consent as soon as the class schedule is available and before registration begins.

BIOL 1185Data Science: Visualizing and Exploring Big Data3

We live in the era of big data. Major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring large datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the same as in Silicon Valley: knowing what computational tools are right for a project and where to get started when exploring large data sets. In this course, students learn to use R, a popular open-source programming language and data analysis environment, to interactively explore data. Case studies are drawn from across the sciences and medicine. Topics include data visualization, machine learning, image analysis, geospatial analysis, and statistical inference on large data sets. We also emphasize best practices in coding, data handling, and adherence to the principles of reproducible research.

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 1187Introduction to Data Science in Python4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, or Data Science minor. Credits: 4 In this era of data science, major discoveries in science and medicine are being made by exploring datasets in novel ways using computational tools. The challenge in the biomedical sciences is the

BIOL 1905Topics in Biology3-4

Biology topics appropriate for first-year students. Topics vary with instructor and term. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2001Statistics for Biology and Medicine3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, or Data Science minor. Credits: 3 This course examines the principles of statistics and experimental design for biological and medical research. The focus is on the practical and conceptual aspects of statistics, rather than mathematical derivations. Students completing this class will be able to read and understand research papers, to design realistic experiments, and to carry out their own statistical analyses using computer packages.

BIOL 2110Cell Biology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2110SCell Biology at St. Andrews3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 3 Lecture and lab work are intermingled in this course that introduces the structure and function of the cell and sub-cellular organelles. as well as prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The diversity and development of different cell types within multicellular organisms is also discussed.

BIOL 2120SMolecular Biology at St. Andrews3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 3 Molecular biology is an essential tool within modern biology, widely used in biochemistry, cell biology, physiology, ecology, and evolution. This course provides an introduction to modem molecular biology. Lecture and laboratory exercises are intermingled to provide an understanding of fundamental biological processes that are central to molecular biology. In addition, genomics and bioinformatics concepts and tools are introduced.

BIOL 2150Biochemistry of the Cell4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and CHEM 2314 Credits: 4 A study of the molecular basis of cell structure and function. Topics include biomolecular structure and chemistry, enzyme kinetics and inhibition, bioenergetics, intermediary metabolism and its regulation, membrane structure and transport, membrane receptors and signal transduction, and the endomembrane system. The laboratory stresses techniques for use in current biochemical research.

BIOL 2220Genetics3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and either sophomore or junior class standing. FDR: Lab Science (SL) Credits: 3 A study of the three main branches of modern genetics: 1) Mendelian genetics, the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next; 2) molecular genetics, a study of the chemical structure of genes and how they operate at the molecular level; and 3) population genetics, the study of the variation of genes between and within populations.

BIOL 2221Genetics Laboratory1

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Corequisite: BIOL 2220 FDR: Lab Science (SL) Credits: 1 Techniques in modern molecular genetics.

BIOL 2230Cell Biology3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and at least sophomore class standing. Credits: 3 This course will focus on understanding the components of a cell, the internal organization of a cell, how they move, how they function, how they respond to cues from their external environment, and the limits of our current knowledge. Lecture topics will include the internal organization of a cell, structure and function of DNA, RNA and proteins, membrane and cytoskeleton structure function, protein sorting, membrane transport, cell cycle and cell-cycle control, cell signaling and communication, and cell death.

BIOL 2231Cell Biology Laboratory1

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Corequisite: BIOL 2230 Credits: 1 The lab component reinforces Cell Biology lecture by emphasizing the experimental approaches to the study of cell biology.

BIOL 2417Aquatic Ecology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and a MATH course numbered 1001 or greater Credits: 4 This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the ecology of freshwater systems, with laboratory emphasis on streams and rivers in the local area. It includes a review of the physical and biological properties of freshwater ecosystems as well as current issues relating to their conservation. Laboratory activities focus around monitoring the impacts of current stream restoration efforts in local watersheds.

BIOL 2430Animal Behavior4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 4 An introduction to the scientific study of animal behavior, including exploration of the evolutionary basis of behavior and examination of how animals choose mates, defend territories, find food, and avoid predators. Field and laboratory exercises focus on testing hypotheses through experiments with a variety of animals, including fish, amphibians, birds, and humans.

BIOL 2440Comparative Animal Biology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 FDR: Science, Math, Computer Science Distribution (SC) Credits: 4 Form and function of animals with emphasis on evolution and ecology of major invertebrate and vertebrate groups.

BIOL 2440SZoology at St. Andrews6

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 6
Credits (max): 6
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent FDR: Science, Math, Computer Science Distribution (SC) Credits: 6 A study of zoology with emphasis on the evolution of diversity through adaptive radiation and strategies for existence among the major animal groups, from simplest to most complex forms. No more than four credits may be counted toward the major in biology.

BIOL 2441Field Ornithology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 FDR: Lab Science (SL) Credits: 4 This course integrates studies of bird biology with field observation and identification of local bird species. Topics covered include anatomy, taxonomy, reproduction, vocalization, migration, ecology, and evolution. Field trips to a variety of areas throughout Virginia emphasize identification skills and basic field research techniques.

BIOL 2442Field Herpetology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 or ENV 1100 Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes Credits: 4 Field Herpetology is a research-based course on the ecology and behavior of amphibians and reptiles. Research projects vary from year-to-year and are designed to give students plenty of time on the field and exposure to a diverse assortment of amphibian and reptile species. Students should be prepared for hiking off-trail, wading in swamps, and catching live animals.

BIOL 2446Tropical Ecology and Conservation in Panama4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2450Ecology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 4 An introduction to the study of interactions between organisms and their environments. Topics are arranged hierarchically: a) evolution and elementary population genetics; b) population dynamics and regulation; c) interspecific competition, predation, parasitism and symbiosis; d) community structure, energy and material flux in ecosystems. Laboratory is field oriented and investigative.

BIOL 2600Anatomy and Physiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 4 This course is an introduction to the structure, function, and homeostatic properties of the major organ systems of humans. Laboratory exercises include basic histology, kinesthetic clay modeling of human musculature, and standard diagnostic medical tests such as urinalysis and spirometry.

BIOL 2625Medicinal Plant Biology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 4 From Taxol to Vitamin C plants provide important medicinal products for humans. This course is an introduction to the study of plant form and function from the perspective of the utilization of plants by humans for medicinal purposes. Lectures cover plant cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, genetics, and interactions with the environment. The laboratory includes modern plant biology techniques ranging from molecular to organismal.

BIOL 2655Reproductive Physiology3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 3 An examination of sex as a biological phenomenon with consideration of the genetic (chromosomal), embryological, endocrine, and neurological bases of sexual development, differentiation, and identity.

BIOL 2661SComparative Physiology at St. Andrews3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 3 Students study organisms in order to explore the origins and nature of physiological diversity. The course covers the principles of physiological adaptation In a range of animals, including examples from all major taxa and from all habitats.

BIOL 2680Neural Imaging4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2700Animal Physiology in a Changing Climate4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2750Food for Thought3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 and BIOL 1112 Credits: 3 This course utilizes problem-based learning to investigate nutrition and metabolism, as well as to the neural and hormonal regulation of feeding behavior. Through the use of primary literature and service-learning experiences, students develop an understanding of the experimental tools used in basic and applied nutritional sciences research. Because nutrition directly relates to many health care and quality-of-life issues at the forefront of modern society, this course also examines popular literature on food-related topics.

BIOL 2755Bioengineering and Bioinspired Design3

Crosslisted With ENGN 2570

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2780Modeling and Simulations in Public Health4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2785Pregnancy: A KISS in Time?4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2905Seminar in Biology1

Seminar topics vary with instructor and term. Sample topics include: genetics, molecular genetics, virology, evolutionary biology, history of medicine, biology of aging, ecology, cancer, reproductive strategies, neuroendocrinology, microbiology and immunology. These are in-depth studies of restricted topics within the broad areas indicated by the titles, involving critical review of literature, discussion and oral and/or written presentation. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 2907Topics in Biology3-4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Vary with topic Credits: 3-4 Intermediate-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term.

BIOL 3001Modern Computational Biostatistics3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3200Microbiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 , and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, Biochemistry major, or Chemistry major. Credits: 4 A broadly based course in the study of microorganisms, specifically: prokaryotic cells, microbial diversity, and the effects of microbes in the world, in society and in the bodies of animals and plants. It concerns the central role of microbiology as a basic biological science that enhances our understanding of the biology of higher organisms.

BIOL 3220Conservation Genetics3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 Credits: 3 A study of the central issues of population genetics and their application to species preservation and conservation. Topics include genetic surveys of rare or threatened species; population structure and dispersal; inferring population histories from genetic data; phylogenetics of threatened species’ groups; hybridization between species; the use of genetic data in captive breeding programs and the prosecution of endangered species legislation; and the use of biotechnologies, such as cloning.

BIOL 3225Ecological Modeling and Conservation Strategies4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and a MATH course numbered 1001 or greater. Credits: 4 This course is an intensive introduction to foundational methods in ecological modeling and their application, with emphasis on the dynamics of exploited or threatened populations and developing strategies for effective conservation. Topics include managing harvested populations, population viability analysis, individual based models, and simulation modeling for systems analyses.

BIOL 3285Molecular Mechanics of Life4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3430Experimental Botany: Global Climate Change4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and either a Biology, Bioengineering, or Environmental Studies major. Credits: 4 Lectures focus on the major impacts of global climate change (elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and elevated temperatures) on plant function (photosynthesis and respiration) and plant communities. Additional topics include global carbon budgets, plant carbon sequestration, and agricultural impacts. Participants review the pertinent primary literature and conduct a term-long laboratory research project.

BIOL 3440Plant Functional Ecology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3455The Biology of Symbioses and Microbiomes3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3500Evolution3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2000-level course and either a Biology major or Bioengineering major. Credits: 3 An examination of the evidence for evolution and the mechanisms by which evolution occurs.

BIOL 3610Extreme Physiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3620Animal Physiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 and at least junior class standing Credits: 4 A comparative study of functional processes of animals, primarily vertebrates, and their environmental interactions. Laboratory emphasis is on functional adaptations and the use of physiological instrumentation in measuring functional processes.

BIOL 3650Developmental Biology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 and at least junior class standing Credits: 4 An examination of the goals, practices, and accomplishments of contemporary developmental biology. Topics include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis, genetic control of cell differentiation, transgenic procedures, cloning, embryo manipulation, and stem cells. Lectures, discussions of the developmental literature, and electronic media are utilized. Laboratory sessions focus on experimental manipulations of early invertebrate and vertebrate embryos and emphasize student-designed research projects.

BIOL 3655Microanatomy4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 and either a Biology major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, or Neuroscience major. Credits: 4 A study of the normal microscopic structure of the mammalian body with emphasis placed on structural and functional correlations. Laboratory work includes the study of prepared tissue and the preparation of tissues for microscopy.

BIOL 3657A Walk Through the Ages: Using Artificial Intelligence to Understand the Evolution of Exercise4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3660Experimental Neurophysiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 Credits: 4 An in-depth exploration of the theory and techniques of cellular neurophysiology. Labs utilize extracellular and intracellular recording techniques to explore motor neuron and sensory receptor firing properties and to examine the ionic basis for resting and action potentials and synaptic transmission.

BIOL 3665Neuroendocrinology3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 2220 and at least junior class standing Credits: 3 The study of the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system, with special reference to regulation and communication in the mammal. Topics may include neuroendocrine regulation of development, the role of the adrenal axis in stress, metabolic regulation of reproduction, or biological rhythms.

BIOL 3670Vertebrate Endocrinology3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: BIOL 1111 , BIOL 1112 , and either a Biology major, Neuroscience major, Integrated Engineering - Biology track major, Biochemistry major, or Chemistry major. Credits: 3 This course provides an introduction to the scientific study of the endocrine system, including exploration of chemoregulatory mechanisms in vertebrates and examination of biochemical, cellular, and physiological aspects of hormone action. In-class exercises focus on developing written and verbal scientific communication skills, as well as in-depth analysis of primary literature.

BIOL 3690Ecophysiology4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 3905Advanced Topics in Biology3-4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Vary with topic Credits: 3-4 Advanced-level biology topics. Topics vary with instructor and term.

BIOL 3996Selected Topics in Ecology and Evolution3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Vary with topic Credits: 3 Topics include ecology, behavior, evolution, and natural history of selected taxonomic groups. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

BIOL 4001Directed Individual Study1

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 1 Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

BIOL 4002Directed Individual Study2

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 2
Credits (max): 2
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 2 Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

BIOL 4003Directed Individual Study3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 3 Reading in the primary research literature on a selected topic under the direction of a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. May be repeated for degree credit if the topics are different.

BIOL 4032Honors Thesis Proposal2

Writing a proposal for honors thesis research, including a clear statement of the problem being studied, a literature review, and a feasible, detailed plan for the research. Taken no later than the winter term of the junior year.

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 2
Credits (max): 2
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu

BIOL 4201Directed Individual Research1

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 1
Credits (max): 1
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes Credits: 1 Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. Consult the department web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit. May be carried out during summer.

BIOL 4202Directed Individual Research2

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 2
Credits (max): 2
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes Credits: 2 Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. Consult the department web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit. May be carried out during summer.

BIOL 4203Directed Individual Research3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent. Experiential Learning (EXP): Yes Credits: 3 Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. Consult the department web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas.

BIOL 4204Directed Individual Research4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Repeatable: May be repeated for degree credit.
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 4 Each student conducts primary research in partnership with a faculty member, by prior mutual agreement and according to departmental guidelines available from biology faculty. Consult the department web page or individual faculty for a description of current research areas. May be repeated for degree credit. May be carried out during summer.

BIOL 4902Honors Thesis2

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 2
Credits (max): 2
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 2 Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required.

BIOL 4903Honors Thesis3

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 3
Credits (max): 3
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 3 Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required.

BIOL 4904Honors Thesis4

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 4
Credits (max): 4
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 4 Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required.

BIOL 4906Honors Thesis6

Subject: BIOL
Credits (min): 6
Credits (max): 6
Credit unit: Credits
Type: course
Edition: 2026-2027
Catalog: 2026-2027 Undergraduate Catalog
Source: catalog.wlu.edu
Prerequisite: Instructor consent Credits: 6 Laboratory and/or field research resulting in an honors thesis. A total of six credits is required.

Source: Washington and Lee University's catalog, linked per course · table learning_unit · CourseShelf publish 59