137 courses with the subject CRP, each shown exactly as we captured it from the college's catalog, with every element we hold. Where the wording looks broken, that is our reading of the catalog, not the college's text.
CRP 1103Observing the City: Introduction to Field-Based Analysis3
This course offers an introduction to data gathering, analysis and writing methods used in urban studies, planning, sociology, and geography. The class will draw on active learning techniques to build skills in systematic observations in public, visualization, collaborative data collection, concept mapping, analysis, and writing. The course offers student opportunities to apply these methods outside the classroom.
Cities are dynamic places, centers for innovation, economic growth, and cultural creativity, and sites of inequality, injustice, and environmental degradation. They are places where people make homes, work, and mobilize politically. They are sites where governments, private actors, and civil society shape the built and socio-economic environment. The course critically examines cities and regions across the globe and in varying time periods. It introduces students to the promise, beauty, and challenges facing cities, including poverty and inequality, access to housing and infrastructure, and climate change. The course offers students an introduction to urban studies and entry points to urban focused work in other disciplines. It combines lectures, discussion, and active learning modes.
The First Year Advising Seminar is designed to help first year and transfer students transition to Cornell and introduce them to studying in the Urban and Regional Studies Program. The course will be led by the first year advising team along with peer upper-level URS students.
This course is designed to introduce students to ideas and concepts that help explain the multi-faceted forces that shape cities, their growth and urban life within them, and urban inequality. The course will use a workshop format that includes brief lectures, readings (or other formats such as audiovisual material or art) and discussions, and a sequence of exercises to learn the basic methods and collaborative processes used in urban studies and planning. Students will not just learn about issues related to urban sustainability and justice; they will also explore ways to engage and act to build more just, sustainable, and healthier cities for everyone. During the last week of the class, students will also learn from special guests working collaboratively with communities. Grades will be based on the overall performance of student presentations and participation.
This course will be run as a lab designed to introduce students to geographic information systems (GIS) as an urban mapping tool. It will provide students with an understanding of mapping with GIS, as well as provide practical hands-on experience with GIS software, and understanding of how GIS can be applied to urban studies practice and research. The course will help students feel comfortable working within the GIS environment and be familiar with a range of available tools and methods for mapping. Students will learn how to conceive of and manage a GIS project, which involves figuring out an urban analysis and research problem that requires GIS data and spatial analysis and collecting, processing, and analyzing urban spatial data to interpret findings. Mapping completed during the workshop will be exhibited, and grades will be based on overall performance in the workshop.
CRP 1200Introduction to Statistics for Urban Studies3
The course will introduce students to descriptive and inferential statistics, which includes graphical tools and numerical measures, to understand places and well-being of people. Students will learn how to use statistics to illuminate our understanding of the world, evaluate policy and forecast. Students will learn how to link theories to empirical testing. Students will be introduced to excel, R and STATA and explore how these different programs are complementary. The course will expose students to a set of the most important publicly available datasets used in the urban studies content.
CRP 2100Neighborhood Change in the City: Quantitative Methods3
This course integrates debates on housing, neighborhood change, and urban inequality with quantitative methods. Housing is a contradiction: It is simultaneously a place where we live and access a range of neighborhood opportunities as well as a commodity that is bought and sold for speculation and profit. We will examine institutional, social, and economic contexts across time that shape the fundamental question: Who has the right to live in the city? This course also introduces students to quantitative methods, mapping, and visualization to explore the factors that shape housing outcomes, urban segregation, and neighborhood opportunity.
CRP 2200Community Engagement in the City: Qualitative Methods3
This course focuses on qualitative methods of community engagement. The course offers students the opportunity to explore ways of knowing that center community members, knowledge, and lived experiences. Centering justice and repair, it combines theories of community engagement with an introduction to qualitative methods. Methods may include interviews, focus groups, public meetings, participant observations, and content and discourse analysis.
This course provides valuable peer mentoring to first-year URS students, including guidance and advice related to academics, extracurricular activities, and social life so that they may feel more connected and comfortable navigating and accessing all that Cornell, AAP, and CRP have to offer.
CRP 3072Land Use, Environmental Planning, and Urban Design Workshop4
Land Use and Environmental Planning workshop courses focus on the forces and actions that directly affect the physical character, transformation, rehabilitation, and preservation of natural landscapes, cities, and regions. Participants provide technical assistance to communities, and have the opportunity to work with communities in resolving critical planning issues. Topics may include development of land use and natural conservation plans, community redevelopment plans, design and analysis of public spaces, and strategies for making communities more environmentally and economically sustainable.
CRP 3074Economic and Community Development Workshop4
Economic and Community Development workshop courses focus on the economics of neighborhoods, cities, and regions with the intent of producing more informed and effective economic development policy. Topics of study include, among others, the application of analytical tools needed to produce first-rate economic development plans, the special needs of excluded, poor and segregated communities, use of quantitative and qualitative methods to address social inequalities, the politics of planning, relationships between economic development and community development.
CRP 3076International Planning and Development Workshop4
The workshop exposes students to the complexity as well as the nuances of planning in international contexts. It places a strong emphasis on an engaged model of learning, research and planning practice. An important part of the workshop is building effective working relationships across cultures, disciplinary perspectives and professional orientations. The workshop emphasizes the use of diverse sources of data and information, and effective communication of deliverables. Because the workshop responds to the needs of international collaborators and stakeholders, the substantive focus of the workshop and the deliverables changes from one year to the next. In recent years the workshop has focused on issues related to poverty, water, shelter and participatory planning.
This is a 3-credit hour lecture course that explores the rich legacy of urban design and the evolution of city form in global space and time. It will examine the manifestation of human values and ideals in the built environment, and the consequent shaping or society and culture by the places we have envisioned, planned, built and peopled. A broad spectrum of operative forces and agents - economic, cultural, political, relgious, technological - will be analyzed to understand their unantipated effects on cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. Themese inclue the origins of urban form; utopianism and the ideal city; the dynamics of power and the grassroots, the challenge of modernity; transportation technology and settlement patterns; and the dynamics of space, race and class.
CRP 3150Economic Geography: Theory and Applications to Urban Planning3
This course provides an introduction to economic geography—a branch of human geography concerned with economic development and explicitly spatial aspects of economic activity. It does this by integrating theoretical and empirical analysis in a manner that is directly relevant to the practice of city and regional planning. Among other things, it covers location theory, the spatial equilibrium concept, human and social capital, interregional migration, socioeconomic inequality, and various models of urban and regional development. Technical material is supported by ancillary readings focused on current events, meaning that the course’s theoretical dimensions are tied directly to problems faced by society—and practitioners of planning and policy. The course emphasizes the complementarity of positive analysis and normative thinking toward the objective of delivering evidence-based plans and policies.
CRP 3170Economic Development: Goals, Strategies and Tools3
This course examines the theory and practice of economic and community development with special attention to understanding the relationship between goals, strategies policy tools for building the local economy and improving economic wellbeing and quality of life for residents. While this course is designed to primarily focus on economic development, it is based on the understanding that community and economic development are highly intertwined. The enhancement of human and organizational productivity is closely interwoven with efforts to strengthen community, shape the physical environment and protect and restore the ecological base on which the community and local economy depends. The course focuses on municipalities and regions, but we recognize that all actors are embedded within state, national and international systems involving public and private entities. We will also talk with practitioners and work with professional policy documents to understand how on-the-ground decisions are made. Finally, we will learn some of the basic skills used by economic development practitioners and some of the fundamental issues facing local governments.
CRP 3171Visual Communication and Analysis in Urban Design: Software Training for Urban Designers3
The core concept of this course is to provide a step-by-step introduction to utilizing design software to collect and analyze the complex GIS data for neighborhood-scale projects, and create diagrams, drawings, and maps for urban design/ planning practices. The students will be introduced to industry-standard programs including ArcGIS ArcMap/ StoryMaps, Adobe InDesign/ Illustrator/ Photoshop, Google Earth Pro, and Rhino 3D. This course is structured to support AAP NYC courses, especially NYC Studio (CRP 5173) and the NYC Workshop (CRP 5172). This hands-on software training will develop visual communication skills essential to successful urban planners/ designers by learning how to represent research findings and design ideas within multi-disciplinary team settings. This course introduces the extensive NYC resources such as open data portals, helpful websites for mapping, demographics, zoning and land use, infrastructure, community needs, development patterns, environmental reports, etc.
Researchers and practitioners in the field of international studies and planning often conduct qualitative research to understand the impacts of and people's experiences with development and planning projects. Then, how do we produce effective qualitative research questions? What data should we gather to address those questions? What methods should we use? How do we prepare for field research? How do we process and analyze the collected data? How do we link literature, research questions, methods, and data to formulate arguments and make conclusions? Throughout the semester, we will address these questions through lecturers, in-class activities, method exercises, and data analysis workshops. The goal of the course is to give students hands-on experiences with qualitative research that contributes to understanding urban and regional issues in our society. The course is loosely organized around the stages and techniques of designing and conducting qualitative research. Students will practice using qualitative research methods to collect data, analyze it, draw conclusions, and observe professional research ethics. Students will also learn about how qualitative methods contribute to scientific inquiry and how identity, power, and politics interplay to influence the qualitative research process and outcomes.
This course defines the context of a regional economy, taking a systems approach to sustainable development planning. Students will be introduced to the techniques of input-output analysis and will learn how to use social accounting models to evaluate social and environmental impacts. We will use international datasets and will also learn IMPLAN, a software and database designed to quantify the impact of exogenous forces on U.S. regions. Examples of exogenous forces include out-migration of population, natural disasters, financial flows, or the introduction of new activities. The course methods enable practicing professionals to integrate environmental and social dimensions of planning into the framework of economic impact analysis.
Design Connect Workshop is the for-credit option for students participating in the local and regional projects solicited, reviewed and executed by the independent student organization of the same name. It provides planning and design services to upstate New York communities. Student teams engage community partners to create conceptual designs, with research and analysis, participatory visioning and design charrettes, town and master planning for public spaces. Course can be repeated for credit.
Overview of federal, state, and local policies and programs to deliver affordable housing to low-income people; public housing, vouchers, inclusionary zoning, rent control, and much more. Lectures, debates, short papers, and term paper.
Urban data science is an emergent practice in urban planning and geography that combines: 1) the set of data analysis tools and methods used to understand a wide array of big data and big spatial data sources and, 2) questions of urban development, structure, complexity, theory, policy, dynamics, and outcomes. These approaches enable more spatiotemporally dynamic and granular analyses of cities and allow researchers new insight into urban dynamics. This course will provide a toolkit to speak through data, code, statistics, and visualization. Using open-source data and computational tools in Python and the Jupyter Notebook environment, we will learn how to design testable research questions, collect and prepare data, apply relevant analytical techniques, and present our process and results in an engaging and informative way. A personal laptop will be required. Undergraduates and graduates at all levels are welcome. Basic statistics is a prerequisite; no prior programming knowledge is required.
Climate change has severe implications for cities, which have large populations and built environments that are difficult to move. This course considers the implications of climate change for cities, the drivers of vulnerability to climate impacts, and the diverse and often conflicting responses. The course centers how historic class, racial, and other forms of social and spatial injustices contribute to inequitable vulnerability to climate impacts and societal adaptation responses around the world. Students learn to explain core concepts, critically examine how adaptation and resilience planning intersects with existing political, social, and ecological systems, and debate adaptation strategies that have promise in producing transformative change. We draw on readings/ multimedia on theories, policies, and case studies from around the world. Assignments build students' ability to communicate with a variety of audiences using diverse media formats.
Environmental impact review has evolved and expended in its use and influence in public decision-making at the federal, state, and local levels. New York, with its State Environmental Quality Review process, has had a robust environmental impact review process for four decades. This course is an introductory exploration of environmental impact review in theory and practice, with emphasis on practice in New York.
The course covers the physical evolution of the American urban landscape- its origins, planning, design, and development. In it we unpack the visions and values that have shaped settlement patterns on the land, from the pre-colonial era to the present day, probing the many forces-political, socio-economic, religious, technical- that have shaped American's urban and suburban environments. Throughout we will query the iterative, often conflicted nexus between space and society in American; for culture creates the spaces that then transform it. The urban landscapes forged over time reveal our collective past even as they exert formative pressure on the very identity of our polyglot nation.
This course provides background on contemporary Italian politics and society, as an essential foundation to students with various disciplinary interests, from planning to architecture, from the fine arts to sociology and anthropology. This course provides a comprehensive survey of Italian society today, starting with Italy's geography and the historical forces that shaped the nation. It examines tensions between north and south, and such broad features of Italian social life as community structure, urban development, and family forms. The course also reviews selected institutional issues, such as gender, the system of education, problems of criminality and justice, economic reform, social class, religion, and politics.
The course will focus on European Cities and the challenges they are facing in a globalized economy. It provides a knowledge framework in the fields of urban planning and policies affecting European cities in the framework of the European integration process with the aim of making students achieve a better understanding of the constituents of European cities. By mixing historical perspectives with contemporary policy and project analysis, students will have an overview of the complex notion of Urban Europe useful for future research in urbanism and urban policies.
CRP 3750Nilgiris Field Learning Center (NFLC) Preparatory Seminar1
The seminar is designed to prepare students who will be living and working in the Nilgiris Field Learning Center. NFLC faculty and guest speakers introduce various topics to students. Students who will be spending a Study Abroad year in India are also welcome to attend.
Cities are centers of innovation, economic growth, social mobility, and they provide economies of scale in the provision of infrastructure and social services. However, cities are also sites of growing socio-economic inequalities and environmental problems. Do cities provide the opportunity to address environmental problems, or are they rather the source of pollution and environmental degradation? Are cities the appropriate scale at which to address environmental problems? Are these really urban issues or do cities just cluster resource use and problems so they are more visible? What role does the built or physical environment have in impacting our behavior and decision making? This course examines social, economic, cultural, political and environmental dimensions of sustainability and sustainable development in urban areas.
Explores issues related to sustainable transportation policy and practice. The course (1) provides an overview of current transportation trends and their impacts; (2) reviews themes such as planning history and politics, the problems with auto-dominated systems, and key challenges to development sustainable transport systems; and (3) looks at regulatory, design, and market-based approaches to reducing automobile-dependency, introducing creative sustainable solutions from around the world.
CRP 3861Graphic Communications – Introduction to Planning Graphics4
This course focuses on the fundamentals of graphic communication and planning industry standard computer programs such as: Google Earth, Auto CAD, SketchUp, Illustrator, Photoshop and InDesign via exercises related to physical planning and urban design. Enhance your ability to compose images and text, utilize color pallets, fonts and create design layouts in order to deliver effective and successful presentations. This course is designed for mature undergraduate and graduate students in urban planning, landscape architecture, real estate and related fields, who desire to possess a competitive edge when applying for jobs and/or participate in multi-disciplinary design competitions, and/or wish to learn how to communicate ideas in a clear and appealing way to a diversity of audiences. The concepts learned in the course will be developed through laboratory work and evolved via the production of in class exercises, collective knowledge development assignments, and a final board presentation.
CRP 3900City and Regional Futures: Planning Practice, Policy and Design1
This colloquium brings domestic and international experts to Cornell to talk about research and practice aimed at shaping the future of communities and regions. It includes an array of topics that span urban policy, planning practice and research, design, and applied research on technology and society. Course can be repeated for credit.
This course introduces the concepts and methods used by economists to study not only cities, regions and their relationships with each other, but, more generally, the spatial aspects and outcomes of decision-making by households and firms. Areas examined include determinants of urban growth and decline, land and housing markets, transportation issues, segregation and poverty, and the allocation and distribution of urban public services.
CRP 4080Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)4
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the way we manage, analyze, and present spatial information. This course focuses on GIS in the social sciences. Many of the exercises and examples are based on planning issues, but the concepts can be applied to many other disciplines such as government, economics, natural resources, and sociology. Some of the issues covered include fundamentals of spatial analysis; overview of GIS technology and applications; designing a GIS project; gathering and analyzing data; and creating thematic maps.
Local governments across the world face challenges of infrastructure and service delivery in the context of fiscal constraints. Innovations often involve devolution and privatization. Scholarly research debates whether these market approaches promote efficiency, regional equity, local economic growth and citizen voice. Students will review the theoretical bases for these claims and the empirical evidence from around the world. Students will write theory papers as well as engage in group work on practical policy questions facing cities.
This course focuses on the city as a system through the analysis of (1) a set of neighborhoods and (2) issues affecting these neighborhoods. We will consider the relationship of these neighborhoods and issues to the functioning of the contemporary city of Rome and the wellbeing of its residents. This course will emphasize fieldwork and experiential learning that is supported with readings, class discussions and lectures. Field activities will take place during scheduled class times plus supplemental hours that are scheduled informally for an average of 12 hours per week, in addition to time spent on reading, writing, and the field trips.
This hybrid practice-discourse course introduces students to the ideas, debates and practices in critical cartography and digital geography. How, who and towards what purposes are spatial relationships represented through maps? We will approach mapping with an emphasis on the ethos of countermapping to make more legible those perspectives, claims and epistemologies that are generally underrepresented. We will discuss how new mapping technologies and novel big data are shifting the mapping landscape, what new tensions and possibilities arise, and how these new tools supplant or reinforce existing power dynamics. Students will read and critique maps to understand the design, information, context surrounding the creation of the map. We will be learning tools and software to create our own narrative maps and countermaps, with the aim of using these in a final research project.
Environmental law deals with some of today's most pressing challenges. In the fifty years since 1972, when the first World Conference on the Environment was held in Stockholm, and the US Clean Water Act was amended, the field of environmental law and policy has become increasingly sophisticated and complex. Regulation of environmental harms has long been a focus of governmental effort. Over the past half century, however, societies have come to recognize that they must adopt controls on pollution to protect the air, ground, water, atmosphere, and the natural world. Environmental law also increasingly touches on energy, agriculture, and land use law, and has expanded to include a focus on corporate law, international trade, environmental governance, environmental justice, sustainable growth and development, and climate change. In this course, we will look at the major statutes and policies used, at both the federal and state levels, to protect humans and the environment against exposure to harmful substances, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, CERLCA (Superfund), Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and approaches to protecting endangered species and ecosystems. We will also examine the challenges of global atmospheric pollution, including ozone depletion and climate change. The class will look not only at the substance of these laws and policies, but also review common-law litigation, enforcement challenges, and the role of market mechanisms in addressing environmental issues. Students will become familiar with the history of environmental law and will analyze important landmark cases, as well as the hierarchy of laws, and jurisdictions that shape environmental law and policy. Students will apply their knowledge to real examples, with the goal of developing innovative legal solutions for the critical environmental challenges facing our world today.
This course will evaluate the means-formal/legal and informal/non-legal-by which landowners, developers, architects, planners, neighbors, private organizations, and government may shape the use of land in the United States. Close attention will be paid to: the tension between regulation and landowners' rights; aesthetic controls and historic preservation; planning concepts; constitutional issues; environmental concerns; and the role of markets.
Students participate in field study of city planning, preservation, economic and community development, and real estate issues in a large eastern U.S. city. Preparatory lecture(s) and a brief summary essay are required.
CRP 4680Introduction to Urban Data Science: Theory, Applications, and Practice4
Urban data science combines questions of urban development, structure, complexity, theory, policy, and dynamics with a set of computational tools and big data. This course introduces core theoretical perspectives in urban studies, spatial analysis, and critical data studies, and considers how data, models, and algorithms produce particular ways of knowing and governing cities. Using Python and open-source urban datasets in the Jupyter Notebook environment, students will work on hands-on applied exercises and projects which emphasize framing theoretically grounded and data-driven questions, analyzing and visualizing data, and communicating results for planning and policy contexts. This course also foregrounds ethical issues in urban data science, including data bias, privacy, equity, and the responsible use of artificial intelligence. A personal laptop is required.
Examines a broad range of critical concerns in contemporary Africa including food production, human resource development, migration, urbanization, environmental resource management, economic growth, and policy guidance. The weekly presentations are made by invited specialists. Students write weekly memos about the talks.
Unpaid internships at a minimum of 160 hours for 2 credits; 80 hours for 1 credit. For one credit student must produce a 10 page paper that relates to the experience of the internship, and for 2 credits a 20 page paper due to adviser in the semester following the internship.
Independent study classes are offered for variable credit, for up to a maximum of 4 credits and are applied as elective credits only. Enrollment requires the submission of an approved form.
This course introduces the concepts and methods used by economists to study not only cities, regions and their relationships with each other, but, more generally, the spatial aspects and outcomes of decision-making by households and firms. Areas examined include determinants of urban growth and decline, land and housing markets, transportation issues, segregation and poverty, and the allocation and distribution of urban public services.
CRP 5072Land Use, Environmental Planning, and Urban Design Workshop4
Land Use and Environmental Planning workshop courses focus on the forces and actions that directly affect the physical character, transformation, rehabilitation, and preservation of natural landscapes, cities, and regions. Participants provide technical assistance to communities, and have the opportunity to work with communities in resolving critical planning issues. Topics may include development of land use and natural conservation plans, community redevelopment plans, design and analysis of public spaces, and strategies for making communities more environmentally and economically sustainable.
CRP 5074Economic and Community Development Workshop4
Economic and Community Development workshop courses focus on the economics of neighborhoods, cities, and regions with the intent of producing more informed and effective economic development policy. Topics of study include, among others, the application of analytical tools needed to produce first-rate economic development plans, the special needs of excluded, poor and segregated communities, use of quantitative and qualitative methods to address social inequalities, the politics of planning, relationships between economic development and community development.
CRP 5076International Planning and Development Workshop4
The workshop exposes students to the complexity as well as the nuances of planning with poor communities in the Global South. It places a strong emphasis on an engaged model of learning, research and planning practice. An important part of the workshop is building effective working relationships across cultures, disciplinary perspectives and professional orientations. The workshop emphasizes the use of diverse sources of data and information, and effective communication of deliverables. Because the workshop responds to the needs of international collaborators and stakeholders, the substantive focus of the workshop and the deliverables changes from one year to the next. In recent years the workshop has focused on issues related to poverty, water, shelter and participatory planning.
CRP 5077International Planning and Development Field Studies1-2
This course will provide students enrolled in a CRP 5076 class the opportunity to participate in an extended trip in order to conduct field studies connected to the work in the concurrent CRP 5076 course. This optional course may also meet several times prior to the field trip, include additional readings, discussions and assignments, and will require submission of an appropriate deliverable regarding the field trip.
This course is designed to provide students with a conceptual understanding of geographic information systems (GIS) and sciences, practical hands on experience with GIS software, and understanding of how GIS can be applied to planning practice and research. Students will be introduced to the basic concepts, structures, and functions of GIS as well as their applications and limitations. By the end of this course students should be familiar with a range of available tools and methods to address planning related problems and issues, and be able to conceive of and manage a GIS project. This involves a) identifying a planning analysis/research problem that requires GIS data and spatial analysis to address/analyze the problem; and b) collecting, processing, and analyzing spatial data to interpret the findings.
This is a 3-credit hour lecture course that explores the rich legacy of urban design and the evolution of city form in global space and time. It will examine the manifestation of human values and ideals in the built environment, and the consequent shaping or society and culture by the places we have envisioned, planned, built and peopled. A broad spectrum of operative forces and agents - economic, cultural, political, relgious, technological - will be analyzed to understand their unantipated effects on cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. Themese inclue the origins of urban form; utopianism and the ideal city; the dynamics of power and the grassroots, the challenge of modernity; transportation technology and settlement patterns; and the dynamics of space, race and class.
CRP 5120Public and Spatial Economics for Planners3
This courses covers the microeconomic theory necessary to understand the many applications of economics presented in subsequent courses you will take as a planning student. The primary learning goals of this course are (1) to understand the core concepts of microeconomics especially as they relate to planning issues and (2) to develop your analytical problem solving skills.
CRP 5130Introduction to Planning Practice and History4
This graduate lecture course provides a foundation on the theory and history of how cities are planned, developed, and governed. The first half explores why cities exist and how their economic, political, and imperial functions have shaped planning interventions, spatial and social inequality, and environmental outcomes. The second examines the major levers that governments can use to shape the urban condition, including land policy, social policy, infrastructure and natural resource policy, and planning processes. The course connects U.S. experiences with relational and comparative perspectives from around the world. Assignments emphasize training in reading, writing, and communication skills.
CRP 5150Economic Geography: Theory and Applications to Urban Planning3
This course provides an introduction to economic geography—a branch of human geography concerned with economic development and explicitly spatial aspects of economic activity. It does this by integrating theoretical and empirical analysis in a manner that is directly relevant to the practice of city and regional planning. Among other things, it covers location theory, the spatial equilibrium concept, human and social capital, interregional migration, socioeconomic inequality, and various models of urban and regional development. Technical material is supported by ancillary readings focused on current events, meaning that the course’s theoretical dimensions are tied directly to problems faced by society—and practitioners of planning and policy. The course emphasizes the complementarity of positive analysis and normative thinking toward the objective of delivering evidence-based plans and policies.
This course focuses on the city as a system through the analysis of (1) a set of neighborhoods and (2) issues affecting these neighborhoods. We will consider the relationship of these neighborhoods and issues to the functioning of the contemporary city of Rome and the wellbeing of its residents. This course will emphasize fieldwork and experiential learning that is supported with readings, class discussions and lectures. Field activities will take place during scheduled class times plus supplemental hours that are scheduled informally for an average of 12 hours per week, in addition to time spent on reading, writing, and the field trips.
CRP 5170Economic Development: Goals, Strategies and Tools3
This course examines the theory and practice of economic and community development with special attention to understanding the relationship between goals, strategies policy tools for building the local economy and improving economic wellbeing and quality of life for residents. While this course is designed to primarily focus on economic development, it is based on the understanding that community and economic development are highly intertwined. The enhancement of human and organizational productivity is closely interwoven with efforts to strengthen community, shape the physical environment and protect and restore the ecological base on which the community and local economy depends. The course focuses on municipalities and regions, but we recognize that all actors are embedded within state, national and international systems involving public and private entities. We will also talk with practitioners and work with professional policy documents to understand how on-the-ground decisions are made. Finally, we will learn some of the basic skills used by economic development practitioners and some of the fundamental issues facing local governments.
CRP 5171Visual Communication and Analysis in Urban Design: Software Training for Urban Designers3
The core concept of this course is to provide a step-by-step introduction to utilizing design software to collect and analyze the complex GIS data for neighborhood-scale projects, and create diagrams, drawings, and maps for urban design/ planning practices. The students will be introduced to industry-standard programs including ArcGIS ArcMap/ StoryMaps, Adobe InDesign/ Illustrator/ Photoshop, Google Earth Pro, and Rhino 3D. This course is structured to support AAP NYC courses, especially NYC Studio (CRP 5173) and the NYC Workshop (CRP 5172). This hands-on software training will develop visual communication skills essential to successful urban planners/ designers by learning how to represent research findings and design ideas within multi-disciplinary team settings. This course introduces the extensive NYC resources such as open data portals, helpful websites for mapping, demographics, zoning and land use, infrastructure, community needs, development patterns, environmental reports, etc.
CRP 5172NYC Workshop: Land Use, Environmental Planning, and Design6
This workshop examines the evolving structure of New York City and the way large-scale developments have influenced its form, patterns of growth, opportunities for economic development, value creation, and investment. The coursework and related tours examine the historical forces that have influenced New York City, including models of urban analysis, contemporary theories of urban design, environmental impact analysis, and implementation strategies used in redevelopment projects. Other American and international cities will be used as comparisons.
CRP 5173NYC Studio: Integrated Urbanism as a Platform for Engagement6
This studio will dive deep into the complex balance between architecture and urbanism, policy and public housing, focusing in particular on campus of the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) property.
This course examines the critical work of selected Cornell alumni from the College of Architecture, Art and Planning, specifically from the Department of City and Regional Planning and also from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The course explores the career trajectories development of alumni, and in some cases, their transitions into other professions as attorneys, educators, advocates, real estate developers, organizational consultants, etc.
We live in an urban majority world, with diverse patterns of urbanization and types of urban places. Cities are not just nodes on transaction networks, or physical collections of build form specific to a context and global movements, or diverse places that represent a mix of cultures over time. They are political assemblages in which formal and informal institutions of governance are forged and continue to be shaped as policies change and morph over time. Various processes impacting societies shape the cities where we live, work, and play: ranging from climate change, shifting migration patterns, and large-scale population movements to changes in geo-political power and the technologies of infrastructure, communication, and manufacturing. But what constitutes the city? What concepts allow us to understand how cities grow, shrink, or expand, and shivel or thrive? This course seeks to introduce you to the broad contours of an interdisciplinary body of work that aims to theorize the city. Using a format of readings, lectures, and discussions, we seek to become familiar with core perspectives of well-established traditions in urban theory that emerges from perspectives on city economy, spatial development, environment, infrastructure, social life, cultural experience, urban politics, and interventions.
CRP 5250Methods for Spatial Economic and Demographic Analysis4
This course presents quantitative methods for analyzing the contemporary space economy, nationally and internationally. It resides at the intersection of economics and geographic information science-namely, in the domains of planning and regional science, as interdisciplinary fields focused on socioeconomic phenomena having explicitly spatial and/or environmental dimensions. The overall approach is to learn a broad array of methods by applying them to key planning problems and questions, including: population forecasts, interregional migration; economic growth; housing markets, urban simulation, and more. The goals of the course are to understand methods of economic and demographic analysis, the assumptions they involve and how they are implemented. The course will provide opportunities for reflection on how these methods are applied and used to inform urban planning and the various policies that flow from it. In short, it engages with quantitative methods for spatial economic and demographic analysis that shape the evidence-base used in plans, policies, and related decision-making. The course is scientific in nature and, therefore, emphasizes the complementarity of positive analysis and normative thinking.
Examination of various forms of development as well as the role of major participants in the processes. Reviews issues in residential, retail, industrial, office, and low-income housing projects. This course is a prerequisite for CRP 5321. (MHA-EL)
Examination of various forms of development, as well as the role of the major participants by a review of case studies of residential, retail, industrial, office, and low-income housing projects. (MHA-EL)
In this course, we will look at the major statutes and policies used to protect humans and the environment from exposure to harmful substances, including the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, CERLCA (Superfund), Resource Conservation & Recovery Act, and approaches to protecting endangered species and ecosystems. We will also examine the challenges of protecting the global commons, including from ozone depletion, plastics pollution, and climate change. The class will look not only at the substance of these laws and policies, but also review common-law litigation, and issues with implementation and enforcement. Students will become familiar with the history of environmental law and will analyze important landmark cases, as well as the hierarchy of laws, and jurisdictions that shape environmental law and policy. Students will apply their knowledge to real examples, with the goal of understanding the possibilities and limits of legal and policy solutions to address the critical environmental challenges facing our world today.
Design Connect Workshop is the for-credit option for students participating in the local and regional projects solicited, reviewed and executed by the independent student organization of the same name. It provides planning and design services to upstate New York communities. Student teams engage community partners to create conceptual designs, with research and analysis, participatory visioning and design charrettes, town and master planning for public spaces. Course can be repeated for credit.
Designed to bring students weekly into direct contact with real-estate professionals mainly through the use of videoconferences originating from locations around the world. (MHA-EL)
CRP 5450Inferential Statistics for Planning and Public Policy3
This course is an introduction to the inferential statistical methods and econometrics/regression analysis needed to understand empirical public policy and planning research and to do basic applied policy analysis. The statistical concepts are illustrated using data and examples primarily from the fields of public policy and planning.
Urban data science is an emergent practice in urban planning and geography that combines: 1) the set of data analysis tools and methods used to understand a wide array of big data and big spatial data sources and, 2) questions of urban development, structure, complexity, theory, policy, dynamics, and outcomes. These approaches enable more spatiotemporally dynamic and granular analyses of cities and allow researchers new insight into urban dynamics. This course will provide a toolkit to speak through data, code, statistics, and visualization. Using open-source data and computational tools in Python and the Jupyter Notebook environment, we will learn how to design testable research questions, collect and prepare data, apply relevant analytical techniques, and present our process and results in an engaging and informative way. A personal laptop will be required. Undergraduates and graduates at all levels are welcome. Basic statistics is a prerequisite; no prior programming knowledge is required.
This course provides an introduction to land use planning methods, especially those that are employed by local and regional governments. The course surveys analytical and participatory methods to shape urban form and the built environment in order to achieve more equitable and sustainable communities. Methods include the application scenario planning tools and methods, drafting and applying zoning regulations; creation of comprehensive plans, neighborhood, district and corridor plans; conducting inventories of natural and cultural resources, building vacant and buildable lands, and community greenhouse gas inventories; performing suitability and susceptibility to change analyses, among other methods. The course incorporates methods of community engagement, as well as methods of analysis. Methods are presented in the context of learning about topics to contemporary city and regional planning.
Climate change has severe implications for cities, which have large populations and built environments that are difficult to move. This course considers the implications of climate change for cities, the drivers of vulnerability to climate impacts, and the diverse and often conflicting responses. The course centers how historic class, racial, and other forms of social and spatial injustices contribute to inequitable vulnerability to climate impacts and societal adaptation responses around the world. Students learn to explain core concepts, critically examine how adaptation and resilience planning intersects with existing political, social, and ecological systems, and debate adaptation strategies that have promise in producing transformative change. We draw on readings/ multimedia on theories, policies, and case studies from around the world. Assignments build students' ability to communicate with a variety of audiences using diverse media formats.
Environmental impact review has evolved and expended in its use and influence in public decision-making at the federal, state, and local levels. New York, with its State Environmental Quality Review process, has had a robust environmental impact review process for four decades. This course is an introductory exploration of environmental impact review in theory and practice, with emphasis on practice in New York.
Real estate professionals and city and regional planners play a vital role in creating the built environment. Understanding the physical form of real estate, and the rules that govern that form, is critically important if one is to meaningfully engage in the practice of real estate development. In this course, we examine in detail the physical form of the built environment, and students gain an understanding of the principles and organizing strategies that underlie it. We examine the following building types in depth: residential, retail, hotel and mixed use. Students exit this course with a deeper understanding of why the built environment takes the shape it does and the opportunities for innovations.
CRP 5561Innovation and Strategy in Commercial Real Estate Development1.5
In this course, we will examine in detail the physical form of workplace design and the specific principles and organizing strategies that affect it. We address the history of office building design, current trends in workplace culture and new forms of office space. We discuss issues affecting office building design, including environmental sustainability, building efficiency, building code and construction, and leasing and operations. Students exit the course with a deeper understanding of why the built environment takes the shape it does and the opportunities for innovation. (MHA-EL)
Students undertake a self-selected real estate development project and must "pitch" the proposed development to a panel of real world potential investors. Students are required to demonstrate an advanced understanding of real estate development, including project feasibility, marketing, planning and design, and land use law constraints. Student projects focus on real-world skills and require professional-level reports suitable for oral and written presentations. Real Estate Shark Tank.
CRP 5565Urban Economics and Real Estate Markets1.5
A theoretical understanding of the economic forces affecting urban land market change and development is needed for decision-making in the real estate profession. This course covers the urban economic theory forming the foundation for understanding and analyzing the behavior and properties of real estate markets of various types. The course begins with an introduction to the fundamentals of land markets including bid-rent theory end Ricardian rents. The two core models at the center of the course are (1) the model of urban spatial structure that stems from the work of Alonso, Muth and Mills and (2) DiPasquale and Wheaton's model linking the real estate property market to the real estate capital market and to construction activity.
This course will evaluate the means-formal/legal and informal/non-legal-by which landowners, developers, architects, planners, neighbors, private organizations, and government may shape the use of land in the United States. Close attention will be paid to: the tension between regulation and landowners' rights; aesthetic controls and historic preservation; planning concepts; constitutional issues; environmental concerns; and the role of markets.
Methods of identifying, recording, collecting, processing, and analyzing information dealing with historic and architecturally significant structures, sites, and objects. Students are assigned common problems in documentation at various scales and propose solutions.
Covers techniques for the preparation of surveys of historic structures and districts; identification of American architectural styles, focusing on local historical resources, state and federal historic preservation guidance. Lectures and training sessions emphasize cross cultural training with individuals and community organizations.
Introduction to the theory, history, and practice of Historic Preservation Planning in America, with an emphasis on understanding the development and implementation of a preservation project. The course discusses projects ranging in scale and character from individual buildings to districts to cultural landscapes; as well as topics such as preservation economics, government regulations, significance and authenticity, and the politics of identifying and conserving cultural and natural resources.
CRP 5630Problems in Contemporary Preservation Practice1-4
Topics of critical concern for preservation professionals preparing to enter practice. Recent topics include forming and managing preservation non-profit organizations, tools for grassroots preservation advocacy, fundraising and grant writing, and effective oral and written communication for preservation planners. Presented by staff and guest lecturers.
A survey of the development of building materials in the United States, chiefly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and a review of the measures that might be taken to conserve them. Students prepare a Historic Structure Report (HSR) on a property of their own choosing to be given to the site owner. The HSR includes historical research, a detailed written description, building condition analysis, recommendations for treatment, and a cost estimate.
CRP 5660Planning and Preservation Practice: Urban Field Trip1
Students participate in field study of city planning, preservation, economic and community development, and real estate issues in large eastern U.S. cities. Preparatory lecture(s) and a brief summary essay are required.
CRP 5661Planning and Preservation Practice: Work Weekend1
Students participate in a 4-day preservation field project at a historic site. Attendance at a preparatory lecture and/or workshop is required, as is a minimum of two full days working on site, in order to receive course credit.
Presents the basic techniques of studying, sketching, and measuring a building and the preparation of a finished drawing set according to Historic American Building Survey standards. Techniques taught include hand drawing, AutoCAD, and other relevant skills and software. Students will prepare individually, or in small groups, comprehensive graphic documentation for a property.
CRP 5680Introduction to Urban Data Science: Theory, Applications, and Practice4
Urban data science combines questions of urban development, structure, complexity, theory, policy, and dynamics with a set of computational tools and big data. This course introduces core theoretical perspectives in urban studies, spatial analysis, and critical data studies, and considers how data, models, and algorithms produce particular ways of knowing and governing cities. Using Python and open-source urban datasets in the Jupyter Notebook environment, students will work on hands-on applied exercises and projects which emphasize framing theoretically grounded and data-driven questions, analyzing and visualizing data, and communicating results for planning and policy contexts. This course also foregrounds ethical issues in urban data science, including data bias, privacy, equity, and the responsible use of artificial intelligence. A personal laptop is required.
This course provides background on contemporary Italian politics and society, as an essential foundation to students with various disciplinary interests, from planning to architecture, from the fine arts to sociology and anthropology. This course provides a comprehensive survey of Italian society today, starting with Italy's geography and the historical forces that shaped the nation. It examines tensions between north and south, and such broad features of Italian social life as community structure, urban development, and family forms. The course also reviews selected institutional issues, such as gender, the system of education, problems of criminality and justice, economic reform, social class, religion, and politics.
The course will focus on European cities and the challenges they are facing in a globalized economy. It provides a knowledge framework in the fields of urban planning and policies affecting European cities in the framework of the European integration process with the aim of making students achieve a better understanding of the constituents of European cities. By mixing historical perspectives with contemporary policy and project analysis, students will have an overview of the complex notion of Urban Europe useful for future research in urbanism and urban policies.
Cities are centers of innovation, economic growth, social mobility, and they provide economies of scale in the provision of infrastructure and social services. However, cities are also sites of growing socio-economic inequalities and environmental problems. Do cities provide the opportunity to address environmental problems, or are they rather the source of pollution and environmental degradation? Are cities the appropriate scale at which to address environmental problems? Are these really urban issues or do cities just cluster resource use and problems so they are more visible? What role does the built or physical environment have in impacting our behavior and decision making? This course examines social, economic, cultural, political and environmental dimensions of sustainability and sustainable development in urban areas.
This course focuses on the fundamentals of graphic communication and planning industry standard computer programs such as: Google Earth, Auto CAD, SketchUp, Illustrator, Photoshop and InDesign via exercises related to physical planning and urban design. Enhance your ability to compose images and text, utilize color pallets, fonts and create design layouts in order to deliver effective and successful presentations. This course is designed for mature undergraduate and graduate students in urban planning, landscape architecture, real estate and related fields, who desire to possess a competitive edge when applying for jobs and/or participate in multi-disciplinary design competitions, and/or wish to learn how to communicate ideas in a clear and appealing way to a diversity of audiences. The concepts learned in the course will be developed through laboratory work and evolved via the production of in class exercises, collective knowledge development assignments, and a final board presentation.
Local governments across the world face challenges of infrastructure and service delivery in the context of fiscal constraints. Innovations often involve devolution and privatization. Scholarly research debates whether these market approaches promote efficiency, regional equity, local economic growth and citizen voice. Students will review the theoretical bases for these claims and the empirical evidence from around the world. Students will write theory papers as well as engage in group work on practical policy questions facing cities.
Researchers and practitioners in the field of international studies and planning often conduct qualitative research to understand the impacts of and people's experiences with development and planning projects. Then, how do we produce effective qualitative research questions? What data should we gather to address those questions? What methods should we use? How do we prepare for field research? How do we process and analyze the collected data? How do we link literature, research questions, methods, and data to formulate arguments and make conclusions? Throughout the semester, we will address these questions through lecturers, in-class activities, method exercises, and data analysis workshops. The goal of the course is to give students hands-on experiences with qualitative research that contributes to understanding urban and regional issues in our society. The course is loosely organized around the stages and techniques of designing and conducting qualitative research. Students will practice using qualitative research methods to collect data, analyze it, draw conclusions, and observe professional research ethics. Students will also learn about how qualitative methods contribute to scientific inquiry and how identity, power, and politics interplay to influence the qualitative research process and outcomes.
This course defines the context of a regional economy, taking a systems approach to sustainable development planning. Students will be introduced to the techniques of input-output analysis and will learn how to use social accounting models to evaluate social and environmental impacts. We will use international datasets and will also learn IMPLAN, a software and database designed to quantify the impact of exogenous forces on U.S. regions. Examples of exogenous forces include out-migration of population, natural disasters, financial flows, or the introduction of new activities. The course methods enable practicing professionals to integrate environmental and social dimensions of planning into the framework of economic impact analysis.
Overview of federal, state, and local policies and programs to deliver affordable housing to low-income people; public housing, vouchers, inclusionary zoning, rent control, and much more. Lectures, debates, short papers, and term paper.
CRP 6560Real Estate Transactions and Deal Structuring3
Real estate transactions and deal structuring examines real estate deals through a practitioner perspective within a case study and transactional approach. The course looks at the transactional components and structuring of real estate deals and related parties at each step in creating value from real estate, including acquisition and assemblage; due diligence; sourcing and financing; structuring the venture/parties; operation; disposition; and tax consequences. Additional issues within deal structuring that may be included are negotiation, managing risk including litigation and environmental issues, analysis of financing techniques, and consequences when deals go bad, including work out and bankruptcy. The case study format will address deals from the perspectives of investment fund manager, banker/lender, developer, REIT, joint venture partner/investor, and owner. (MHA-EL)
This course investigates real estate transactions that originate outside the United States and may be in a foreign country, in which the motivations for deals and transactions are outside the norm. These include informal financing techniques; deal structuring with several local and foreign constituents; the limitations of contracts; and bankruptcy, in Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, South Asia, and Africa.
Explores the residential and commercial-development process from site acquisition through delivery of the finished product. Topics include market feasibility, land planning and acquisition, product selection and design, project financing and feasibility, schedule and budgetary controls, contracting and construction, marketing, and sales activities. Composition of the development project team is discussed. Classes are supplemented by visiting professionals. The course includes a semester-long project based on an actual property and market opportunity.
This invitation-only case competition requires the analysis of a recent real estate transaction executed by a leading global real estate firm. The student contestants compete against the nineteen other teams from across the country before judges who are senior executives from leading real estate companies, advancing learning, networking, and recruiting.
The ULI Hines Competition challenges students to collaborate across disciplines and imagine a better built environment. Groups of five students form teams to devise a development program for a real site in a North American city, providing designs, market-based financial data, and related narratives.
The ULI Hines Competition challenges students to collaborate across disciplines and imagine a better built environment. Groups of five students form teams to devise a development program for a real site in a North American city, providing designs, market-based financial data, and related narratives.
The course covers the physical evolution of the American urban landscape- its origins, planning, design, and development. In it we unpack the visions and values that have shaped settlement patterns on the land, from the pre-colonial era to the present day, probing the many forces-political, socio-economic, religious, technical- that have shaped American's urban and suburban environments. Throughout we will query the iterative, often conflicted nexus between space and society in American; for culture creates the spaces that then transform it. The urban landscapes forged over time reveal our collective past even as they exert formative pressure on the very identity of our polyglot nation.
Overview of American legal system and the sources of law used to protect historic resources. The course considers the primary tools for preservation, including historic district and landmark designation, the use of the police power, taxation, and eminent domain. Instructors will also review recent developments in state and federal historic preservation.
CRP 6640Economics and Financing of Neighborhood Conservation and Preservation3
The economic and financial aspects of historic preservation and neighborhood conservation. Topics include public finance, selected issues in urban economics, real estate economics, and private financing of real estate projects. Students will conduct a feasibility study for the re-use of an endangered historic property of their choosing, preparing a market study and proformas.
Examination of fundamental planning concepts and issues as they relate to historic preservation. Neighborhood revitalization, federal housing programs, the role of public and private institutions, displacement, and other social issues are among the primary topics.
The course introduces students to the theory and practice of international development planning from an institutional perspective. It begins with an introduction to the field and provides a historical, institutional and theoretical overview. The course examines the main actors involved in the practice of international development planning: the public sector, civil society, community-based organizations and the private sector. It critically analyzes some of the large international institutions engaged in urban policy-making and global governance. The last section of the course examines timely topics that have the potential to reconfigure the institutional landscape, planning practice, and cities. (MPA-TPA)
Examines a broad range of critical concerns in contemporary Africa including food production, human resource development, migration, urbanization, environmental resource management, economic growth, and policy guidance. The weekly presentations are made by invited specialists. Students write weekly memos about the talks. Graduate students (CRP 6770/GDEV 6770) facilitate one seminar question period.
Explores issues related to sustainable transportation policy and practice. The course (1) provides an overview of current transportation trends and their impacts; (2) reviews themes such as planning history and politics, the problems with auto-dominated systems, and key challenges to development sustainable transport systems; and (3) looks at regulatory, design, and market-based approaches to reducing automobile-dependency, introducing creative sustainable solutions from around the world.
Real Estate Review is for students undertaking a research project culminating in an article worthy of publication in the Cornell Real Estate Review. (MHA-EL)
This course provides a comprehensive review of the research and writing process to help Ph.D. students develop a strategy for writing a research proposal and journal article. The course provides a comprehensive review of the research design process and will result in each student developing his/her dissertation proposal. The course focuses on articulating research objectives, managing the research process, ethics, funding and professional development as a scholar. The course also explores how to write journal articles (journal selection, review process) and how to position your work in your academic field.
CRP 7850City and Regional Futures: Planning Practice, Policy and Design1
This colloquium brings domestic and international experts to Cornell to talk about research and practice aimed at shaping the future of communities and regions. It includes an array of topics that span urban policy, planning practice and research, design, and applied research on technology and society. Course can be repeated for credit.
Students participate in a structured, unpaid internship under the supervision of planning professionals in cooperating organizations. The internship should be purposeful, provide opportunities for reflection, present continual challenge to the student, and incorporate active learning. The faculty supervisor and student should outline the conditions of the work assignment, learning outcomes, and faculty supervision on an independent study form. A final project linking planning theory and practical work experience is required. The academic credit, however, is not based on the on-the-job training itself but rather on the active learning and reflection demonstrated in a written paper or project.
This doctorial level seminar creates an academic space for in-depth inquiry into what work planning theories do and how they give shape and depth to advanced social sciences-based scholarship in planning and urban studies. The seminar focuses on critical exploration of intellectual traditions and debates in planning theory including the epistemological and ontological implications of an array of theories of knowledge, society, urban space, and rationality that serve as frameworks and undercurrents in urban studies and planning literature. The aim of this seminar is to help students gain an awareness of their own positionality relative to a wide spectrum of theories and to scaffold intellectual growth and increase the theoretical depth of their own scholarship.
CRP 8300Seminar in Regional Science, Planning, and Policy Analysis1-4
CRP 8300 is a weekly seminar at which faculty, students, and visitors present their research on topics of current interest. Presentations usually involve formal or quantitative analyses of developments in regional economies and policy or planning implications.
Intended for doctoral candidates in city and regional planning and regional science; other students welcome. This course aims to introduce doctoral students to professional skills broadly associated with academic research and teaching. In short, the aim of the course is to prepare future scholars in the field. Presentation and discussion of current problem areas and research by doctoral students and guest will help students develop a culture of presenting their work along with receiving and providing feedback.
A student preparing an exit project (as defined by the Department of City and Regional Planning) to satisfy the M.R.P. Exit Project Requirement must complete this research course and CRP 8911. A student may not earn any credit connected to the exit project beyond that awarded for completion of CRP 8901 and CRP 8911.
A student preparing an Exit Project (as defined by the Department of City and Regional Planning) to satisfy the M.R.P. Exit Project requirement must complete this course and CRP 8901. A student will use CRP 8911 for writing the Research Paper.
