Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Erie-Behrend College · Courses
FOR
69 courses with the subject FOR, each shown exactly as we captured it from the college's catalog, with every element we hold. Where the wording looks broken, that is our reading of the catalog, not the college's text.
FOR 123NForests, Trees, and People3
This course focuses on the relationships among forests, trees, and people. Trees are the building blocks of forests, so the course begins with an introduction to how trees work: how do they grow? how do they use water? how do they store carbon? how do they reproduce? how do people and wildlife use trees? From there the course moves on to forest ecosystem services such as timber and non-timber products, carbon storage, watershed protection, and cultural connection. How are ecosystem services measured and how does society place monetary Undergraduate - The Pennsylvania State University 2026-2027 4179 and non-monetary values on the services? The diversity of relationships between people and forests is discussed throughout the course, and common professions centered around trees and forests are introduced. General Education: Natural Sciences (GN) General Education: Social and Behavioral Scien (GS) General Education - Integrative: Interdomain GenEd Learning Objective: Crit and Analytical Think GenEd Learning Objective: Integrative Thinking GenEd Learning Objective: Key Literacies
The objectives of this first-year seminar course are to: (1) Engage and prepare first-year college students for academic success by orienting them to the scholarly community and introducing them to available academic resources. (2) Introduce students to Pennsylvania's forests and some of the research and other activities currently underway at Penn State that supports the conservation and management of these resources. (3) Introduce students to strategies they can use while at Penn State to prepare for careers related to forestry, wildlife/fisheries, and other natural resources disciplines. Cross-listed with: WFS 150S
Foresters are tasked to manage and/or restore forest ecosystems to sustain the provision of ecological goods (e.g., timber and non-timber forest products) and services (e.g., water, habitat, carbon sequestration). To successfully achieve these objectives, it is essential to know the life history and characteristics of trees (silvics). Specifically, knowledge about tree (co-)occurrences in forest communities, their tolerances and growth responses to different environmental conditions, their life history traits regarding different disturbance regimes, and their interactions that shape stand dynamics and stand development pathways, is prerequisite for practicing silviculture and forestry. This course is designed for forestry and wildlife professionals, conservation biologists, and natural resource professionals interested in the silvics of forest trees and stand dynamics of different forest types across North America as the scientific foundation for implementing sustainable forest management. The course is intended to lay the foundation for developing critical thinking skills linking silvics, site factors, and disturbances to multiple stand development pathways. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 203 or FORT 150
FOR 255GPS and GIS Applications for Natural Resources Professionals
(3) FOR 255, GPS and GIS Applications for Natural Resources Professionals, teaches students to apply Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the management of natural resources. Students learn how GPS works and how to use GPS to find locations in the field and to capture spatial data and transfer it to a GIS system. Students learn how GIS data are structured and how to find, use and edit existing GIS databases and to create new ones. They learn to use various software applications to work with and analyze GIS databases, including both spatial and non-spatial data, to address a variety of natural resources management questions and issues. Finally, they learn to present spatial information in a map that effectively communicates information relevant to a variety of natural resources situations.
This course focuses on the collection, analysis, and presentation of quantitative and qualitative data that describe forest resources and are used in the management and stewardship of forest resources. Sampling techniques, procedures, and equipment used to measure trees and forest parameters, including various forest products, are covered, as is statistical analysis of data. Students learn how the data provides the basis for making informed, science-based management decisions concerning the growth, health, and/or volume of forest resources. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 203 or FORT 150 Enforced Concurrent at Enrollment: (FOR 255 or FORT 260 or WILDL 211) and (STAT 200 or STAT 240 or STAT 250)
/Maximum of 18 Creative projects, including research and design, which are supervised on an individual basis and which fall outside the scope of formal courses.
/Maximum of 9 Formal course given on a topical or special interest subject offered infrequently; several different topics may be taught in one year or semester. This is a Special Topics GenEd course.
FOR 303Herbaceous Forest Plant Identification and Ecology3
This course focuses on developing herbaceous plant identification skills with emphasis on important plant structural features, common taxonomic terms, dichotomous keys, and botanical nomenclature. This course provides a practical, applied approach to understanding biological and ecological concepts relevant to plants occurring in forested environments. Human dimensions and ethnobotany, and relevant economic, management, and conservation issues are also included, along with the methods by which botanists collect and preserve plant specimens for historical documentation and research purposes. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: 3 credits in BIOL or BISC or FOR or FORT or HORT or PLANT
FOR 308 FOR 308 Forest Ecology (3)This class will provide the basic concepts of forest ecology and silvics. The class will emphasize (a) community concepts such as sampling, succession, productivity, disturbance, and animal factors, (b) ecosystem concepts such as nutrient and energy cycles and plant-soil relationships, and (c) environmental factors such as light, temperature, moisture, and pollution, and their effects on individual tree species and community structure and function. Other special topics of interest (allelopathy, seed behavior, tropical forests, etc.) will be included as time permits. The class will also includ a field component that allows students to observe the effects of various conditions or treatments on forest community structure and growth, and to practice field methods commonly used to measure site factors and environmental processes in forest communities. Enforced Concurrent at Enrollment: FOR 203 or FORT 150
This course will provide the fundamentals of wildland fire behavior and effects as they relate to natural resource management. The role of fuels, weather, and topography on fire behavior will be covered in depth, Undergraduate - The Pennsylvania State University 2026-2027 4181 and fire behavior and effects models will be used. The ecological role of fire will be examined through the concept of fire regimes and fire adaptations, and students will be introduced to prescribed burning as a land management tool. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 203 or FORT 150
Watershed Ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the interactions between water and ecological systems. This course presents foundational concepts in ecohydrology of watersheds, considers coupled hydrological and ecological processes that shape water quality and watershed health, and explores ecohydrology as a tool for the sustainable management of freshwater resources. Examples will be drawn from forested watersheds at multiple spatial and temporal scales. e Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: SOILS 101 or 3 credits of CHEM
/Maximum of 3 Nature's role in community development, landscapes, arboriculture, administering urban forestry programs, land-use planning and regulatory
FOR 403Invasive Forest Plants: Identification, Ecology, and Management3
This course addresses the impacts and challenges associated with "exotic" plant invasions in eastern North American forests through an interdisciplinary exploration of topics including invasive plant identification and management, ecological interactions and impacts, human roles and influences, and management and policy options. Students are also exposed to a variety of scientific and societal perspectives related to monitoring, managing, and controlling invasive plants. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: 6 credits in BIOL or BISC or FOR or FORT or HORT or PLANT
/Maximum of 2 Fundamentals of the relationship of the basic physiological functions of forest trees to form. Tree Physiology is the study of how trees grow and develop in terms of genetics; biochemistry; cellular, tissue, and organ functions; and interaction with environmental factors. While many physiological processes are similar in trees and other plants, trees possess unique properties that help determine their outward appearance. These processes include carbon relations (photosynthesis, carbohydrate allocation), cold and drought resistance, water relations, and mineral nutrition. The characteristics of trees that define their physiology are longevity, height, and simultaneous reproductive and vegetative growth. Trees have physiological processes that are more adaptable than those in other plants. Height allows trees to successfully compete for light, bu also creates transport and support problems. This course investigates the anatomy, morphology and physiology of growth, development, and responses of woody plants with particular consideration of the influence of environmental factors on physiological processes. To develop an understanding of tree physiology the following topics will be presented: Organization, development, and function of woody plant tissues Photosynthesis, respiration, and assimilation in forest trees Wate relations and mineral nutrition. Tree growth responses to atmospheric and soil condition. Physiology variation among tree species. Herbicides and tree physiology. Methods and tools of tree physiology research. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: BIOL 110 or BIOL 127
Changing public attitudes towards the environment during the last several decades have led to a philosophical shift in how we manage our forests. The primary focus of a sound stewardship of many of our public forests has now shifted to the recognition that sustaining ecological integrity of forest ecosystems, including the maintenance and restoration of native biological diversity, may be more important than focusing primarily on commodity production. Ecosystem management has become policy on national forests managed by the U.S. Forest Service and Pennsylvania state forests managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Natural Resources. This course invites students to critically examine the concept of ecosystem management from an ecological, economic, and social perspective, Students will review the evolution of ecosystem management and learn how it is being implemented. Basic questions addressed in this course include: What is ecosystem management? How can concepts such as biodiversity preservation, ecosystem integrity, sustainability, and forest health be achieved in forested landscapes? How can human needs be balanced with ecological goals? How can competing societal goals be balanced? This course is designed for forestry majors and places contemporary management approaches into the larger ecosystem context that uses knowledge of forest history, landscape ecology, conservation biology, forest restoration, and forest certification requirements to develop management solutions that pay particular attention to the maintenance of biodiversity (habitat) and soils. Forest management approaches are investigated with regards to the issue of long-term sustainability, recognizing the often challenging and conflicting demands on forestry to satisfy a diverse set of values given ecological, social, and economic constraints. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: (BIOL 110 or BIOL 127) and (BIOL 220W or FOR 308) and 7th Semester standing or higher
FOR 418Agroforestry: Science, Design, and Practice3
Agroforestry integrates trees in agricultural landscapes, and/or agriculture products into forested areas for multiple benefits. FOR 418 Agroforestry: Science, Design, and Practice (3) (US;IL) Agroforestry is the intentional design of land use systems that combine tree crops with plants and/or animals in a manner that seeks to promote ecological and economic benefits within the landscape. Two possible arrangements for such systems are (1) the integration of trees within non-forested settings; and/or (2) the introduction of high value 'crop' species into existing forestlands. The objective of the course is to foster a practical working t knowledge of agroforestry as it is experienced both in Pennsylvania and throughout the world, so that students from a variety of backgrounds can integrate agroforestry practices and thinking into their own disciplines, interests, and lives. Although agroforestry is an ancient land use approach, it is new in many places, and improvements and adaptations to traditional practices are needed to meet local circumstances. This course will provide a framework for critical assessment and implementation r within this context.One of the fundamental aspects of agroforestry is that it is a land use system that operates at a landscape or ecosystem scale. For agroforestry to succeed, many factors, including ones external
This course explores the methods available to apply ecological concepts to actively manage forested ecosystems for a variety of societal objectives. It addresses methods used to blend the maintenance of biodiversity in forest ecosystems with extraction of commodities under the paradigms of Ecosystem Management and Ecological Forestry. Course objectives include gaining the ability to 1) apply silvicultural terminology and basic ecological concepts as they relate to forest development and silvicultural practices, 2) predict how silvicultural practices influence soil resources, water issues, forest health, timber production, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity, 3) integrate ecological and social considerations into silvicultural practices, and 4) employ silvicultural concepts to actual forest stands by developing silvicultural prescriptions. Topics include silvicultural systems, silvics, cover types, soil, habitat types, ecological classification systems, growth and yield, stand descriptions, crown classes, the site index, release, precommercial thinning, wood quality and pruning, herbicides and vegetation management, commercial thinning, crop tree management, stocking charts, maintaining forest health, natural and anthropogenic disturbances, forest stand dynamics, succession, regeneration inventories, managing for complexity, natural regeneration, seed-tree and shelterwood methods, uneven aged silviculture (selection and control methods), coppice, irregular shelterwood, deer browsing, clearcutting, site preparation, direct seeding, planting, ecosystem management across different scales, prescribed fire, and management techniques that maintain critical ecosystem processes and components such as soil, water, and wildlife. This is a core course in forestry, although it i also designed for wildlife professionals, conservation biologists, and natural resource professionals interested in the scientific foundation and practical application and implementation of forest management techniques. Whereas the disciplines of ecology and conservation biology help us understand the biological consequences of human manipulation, it falls upon the field of silviculture to balance the often conflicting demands between ecological integrity and society's demand for forest products in practice. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: [C or higher in FOR 266 or (C or higher in FORT 105 and FORT 110)] and FOR 308
The application of biological principles to issues in the conservation of biodiversity. FOR (W F S) 430 Conservation Biology (3) This course applies basic principles of ecology and genetics to issues regarding the conservation forested ecosystems and their associated fisheries and Undergraduate - The Pennsylvania State University 2026-2027 4183 wildlife. The objective of this course is to provide a broad appreciation of the concepts in conservation biology that are important to solving contemporary natural resources problems. Students will be exposed to the history of conservation biology, values of biodiversity, definitions of species concepts, protecting the genetic structure of species, extinction as a natural process, vulnerability to extinction, biodiversity at the community, ecosystem, and landscape levels, habitat fragmentation, metapopulations, legal aspects of conservation, ecosystem management, exotic species, pollution, human population issues, measuring genetic diversity, attitudes towards nature, ex-situ conservation, and ecosystem restoration. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: BIOL 220W or FOR 308 or WFS 209 Cross-listed with: WFS 430
This course will provide a comprehensive overview of evolution and conservation genetics, an interdisciplinary science that focuses on understanding the processes that influence genetic diversity at the individual and population levels. Foundational concepts in evolutionary ecology, population, and quantitative genetics, and tools described therein will be applied to conservation design, management, and restoration strategies for species of conservation or commercial importance to address real-world challenges in conservation science. This course will cover issues including inbreeding, climate change, invasive species, conservation of threatened and endangered species, adaptation and climate change, and habitat restoration using examples from a broad range of biological systems. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: BIOL 110 Cross-listed with: WFS 431
/Maximum of 3 This course provides hands-on experience with all of the activities associated with overseeing a timber sale, including the legal aspects of arranging a sale, marking timber and calculating volume, road and sale layout, best management practices, inspections, harvesting equipment, working with contractors and loggers, and liability issues. The objectives s of the course are to 1) obtain and translate a property deed onto the ground and create a professional map of the timber sale area; 2) design a timber sale, including cutting boundaries, skid trails, haul roads, and landings such that site impact is minimized, harvesting efficiency and safety is maximized and productivity is maintained; 3) collect sufficient information for a professional timbersale prospectus, including which harvesting systems would be best suited to the situation; 4) complete an erosion and sedimentation plan, a stream crossing permit, and local harvesting ordinance requirements; 5) develop a timber sale contract and a landowner-consultant contract to protect all parties and address all possible legal scenarios; 6) work with, inspect, supervise and provide meaningful feedback to harvesting, road building, and herbicide application contractors; 7) retire a timber sale area to prevent erosion, create habitat variety and/or recreational opportunities, and maintain aesthetic qualities. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: (FOR 203 or FORT 150) and [FOR 266 or (FORT 105 and FORT 110)]
2 FOR 480 Policy and Administration 3 3 SOILS 422 Natural Resources Conservation and Community 4 3 Sustainability 3 Prescribed Courses: Require a grade of C or better 3 FOR 266 Forest Resources Measurements 4 3 FOR 401 Urban Forest Management 3 3 FOR 450W Human Dimensions of Natural Resources 3 2 Additional Courses
FOR 442Forest Conservation: Principles and Practices3
Forest conservation is the promotion and maintenance of healthy, resilient, and functioning forest ecosystems that ensure the continued provision of high-quality ecosystem services and socio-economic benefits. To achieve desired conservation outcomes, on-the-ground forest practices must comply with minimum standards detailed in regulatory and/or voluntary management guidelines (i.e., Best Management Practices, BMPs) to not be harmful to the environment or local people. Further, many private and public forest management entities follow voluntary global and national third-party forest certification schemes that promote environmentally responsible management of the world's forests. Compliance with certification standards is evaluated through annual field audits as the central element to verify that forest operations meet sustainability criteria. Because timber harvesting now constitutes the predominant disturbance regime in northeastern forests, poorly planned, timed, and executed logging operations constitute the most serious threat to forest conservation and sustainability in managed forests and thus receive particular scrutiny in field audits. Foresters must therefore ensure that forest practices do not injure advance tree regeneration and ground flora, damage structural legacies such as residual trees and deadwood, reduce the potential to sequester carbon, undermine biodiversity and wildlife goals (e.g., breeding success), or adversely affec soil structure and site productivity (e.g., compaction and soil erosion), water quality, wetlands, riparian areas, visual quality, and cultural and spiritual values. This course traces the evolution of forest conservation and sustainability and introduces students to modern, low impact timber harvest systems and a variety of other forest practices intended to safeguard biodiversity, maintain the productive capacity of forests, and protect soil and water resources. Students will become familiar with BMPs and principles, criteria, and sustainability indicators of common certification schemes. These indicators are the basis for planning and conducting field audits following harvesting operations that evaluate to what extent the intent various BMPs and certification standards have been met. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: (BIOL 220W or FOR 308) and 7th semester standing or higher
This course covers concepts of wildlife habitat ecology and management. Topics include the relationship between wildlife and their habitat, identification of important plant structure and composition, quantifying vegetation structure at both stand and landscape scales, understanding disturbance ecology as a basis for habitat management practices (e.g., silvicultural applications and prescribed burning), and determining how specific management practices can be used to achieve future habitat goals and objectives. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 203 or FORT 150 Recommended Preparation: WFS 310 or FOR 421
FOR 455 is an advanced remote sensing and geospatial technology course emphasizing the use of remote sensors and geographic information systems to study the Earth's land surface. The course emphasizes the use of these technologies primarily in the context of forestry but also in the broader context of natural resources management. Remote sensing technologies that are emphasized include aircraft and satellite-borne sensors in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as active sensing devices like lidar (Light-detection and Ranging) technology. Students gain proficiency in the use of advanced remote sensing/image processing and geographic information systems (GIS) software to display, analyze, and map land surface features. t Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 255 or FORT 260 or GEOG 160 or GEOG 260 or WILDL 211
Restoration ecology is a discipline that integrates principles from ecology, engineering, landscape architecture, economics and other select social sciences to repair ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. The goal of restoration is to restore the structure of biological communities and the ecological functions and ecosystem services they provide to society. This course will cover the field of restoration ecology for students who see themselves someday practicing or participating in restoration projects during their careers. The course will cover the conceptual and theoretical foundations that underlie restoration efforts and link these to real-world applications in past and ongoing restoration projects in a variety of types of ecosystems. Examples of local and regional restoration projects will be used to reinforce principles discussed in class.
Students learn the rationale, processes, and tools for forest management decision-making and planning. Developing and communicating forest plans for forested properties. FOR 466W Forest Management and Planning (3) Students learn the rationale, processes, and tools for forest management decision-making and planning. They learn to identify and obtain information needed for management decision-making and planning. They learn to develop management alternatives and to use appropriate data and tools to evaluate those alternatives. Students learn to apply financial analysis to evaluate the financial viability of stand-level forest management activities. Students develop and write forest management plans for small (< 250 acres) and large (> 250 acres) forested properties. Students identify how alternative forest management objectives are balanced in developing management plans. Students evaluate and critique public agency forest management plans. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: (FOR 255 or FORT 260 or WILDL 211) and FOR 421 and FOR 440 Writing Across the Curriculum
Management of wild land watersheds for control of the amount and timing of water yield, water quality, erosion, and sedimentation. FOR 470 Watershed Management (3) In FOR 470 Watershed Management students are expected to learn the fundamentals of watershed hydrology and how management of natural resources, especially forest resources, can be adapted to protect and enhance the natural flow, quantity and quality of water resources.Emphasis is placed on acquisition of available hydrologic and climatic data over the internet, solving basic hydrologic problems using the proper units, writing short essays summarizing assigned papers or lectures, and in-class tests on managing impacts of timber harvesting, road construction, application of forest chemicals, and other land uses activities. The course is primarily, but not exclusively, intended as a course for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in forest resources and wildlife and fisheries majors or other majors such as ERM with related natural resources backgrounds and interests.The course is a Prescribed Course for Forest Resources undergraduates in the Forest Management and Watershed Management options and is a Water Science breadth course for students in the Graduate Option in Watershed Stewardship. A companion one- credit course FOR 471 -Watershed Management Laboratory - may be taken concurrently with or following FOR 470. This course is offered each Spring Semester and generally has an enrollment of about 80-90 students. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: 3 credits in SOILS
Introduction to hydrologic and climatic measurements and computations useful in watershed management. Undergraduate - The Pennsylvania State University 2026-2027 4185 Enforced Concurrent at Enrollment: FOR 470
Effect of current forest management practices on the properties and productive capacity of forest soils. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FOR 308 and 3 credits in SOILS
The fields of watershed hydrology and ecohydrology, and the careful management of forested watershed and their water resources, rely heavily on observations and accurate time series data. The collection of reliable data is a career unto itself, and the proper understanding of field methods is equally important in the prudent use of ecohydrological data. This course is intended for upper-level undergraduate students and will give a detailed introduction to and experience with field methods and calculations of important fluxes in watershed ecohydrology. Topics will span the hydrologic cycle from evapotranspiration to the partitioning of precipitation, groundwater, and streamflow, as well as water quality. Detailed units will include measurements of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and streamflow, pipe flow through culverts on forest roads, water quality sampling as well as a host of tree-soil-water fluxes including canopy throughfall, stemflow, and sapflow. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: FORT 240 or 3 credits in SOILS Enforced Concurrent at Enrollment: FOR 470
FOR 489Supervised Experience in College Teaching1-3
/Maximum of 3 The Supervised Experience in College Teaching course provides select undergraduate students with formal, supervised teaching experience in a Forestry (FOR) course. Faculty recruit students who excel in a particular course to serve as undergraduate teaching assistants for subsequent offerings of that course. Duties may include serving as peer tutors, teaching assistants, or laboratory assistants, and developing and/or evaluating course activities and materials. Students participating in this course will develop a deeper understanding of the focus course material by actively helping to teach the material. The course is only available to students who are invited to serve as teaching assistants for a Forestry course and enrollment is by permission of the instructor. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: Permission of program
/Maximum of 999 Supervised student activities on research projects identified on an individual or small group basis. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: Permission of the Forest Ecosystem
/Maximum of 999 Independent study directed by a faculty supervisor that culminates in the production of a Forestry honors thesis. This course is the means by which Forest Ecosystem Management honors students receive credit for thesis research. The course involves research and other scholarly activities (such as writing) necessary for completion of an approved honors thesis. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: Enrollment in the Schreyer Honors College and permission of a Forest Ecosystem Management honors adviser
/Maximum of 6 Supervised field experience related to the student's major. Enforced Prerequisite at Enrollment: Approval of proposed assignment by instructor prior to registration
/Maximum of 18 Creative projects, including research and design, which are supervised on an individual basis and which fall outside the scope of formal courses.
This course covers the form and function of roots from an ecological perspective. Emphasis is placed on identifying and interpreting the diversity of root strategies used by plants to meet the essential functions of water and nutrient acquisition, transport, storage and structural support under various environmental conditions. Additional topics include how root systems may modify ecosystem processes associated with carbon, mineral nutrient and water cycles. Specialized topics include cost/benefit analysism, root evolution, root architecture, root herbivory-defense, mycorrhizas, root respiration, root longevity, resource
Discussion of the use of genetic principles and technologies in the conservation and management of biological diversity. FOR 530 Conservation Genetics (3) This course will familiarize students with the roles of population genetics, phylogenetics, molecular genetics and quantitative genetics in conservation biology, and to examine in depth pertinent examples from the literature dealing with current applications of conservation genetics including genetic diversity, genetics at the landscape level, the effects of fragmentation on the genetic structure of species, and the role of modern genetics within ecosystem management. FOR 530 will provide a new and valuable component to the graduate curriculum of students interested in genetics, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, conservation, and endangered species. The current scientific literature will be critically reviewed and discussed in relation to case studies, on a range of topics. Evaluation will be based on participation, class presentations, and written papers. The course is to be offered biennially in the Spring in even numbered years.
/Maximum of 3 Continuing seminars which consist of a series of individual lectures by faculty, students, or outside speakers. Cross-listed with: SOILS 590, WFS 590
& FOR 591B and Seminar in Watershed Stewardship Planning or LARCH 510 Graduate Seminar in Landscape Architecture Select one of the following sequences:
/Maximum of 9 Creative projects, including nonthesis research, which are supervised on an individual basis and which fall outside the scope of formal courses.
/Maximum of 9 Formal courses given on a topical or special interest subject which may be offered infrequently; several different topics may be taught in one year or term. ,
